AnglE

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AnglE 📐

Sponsored by Mixedbread

For more detailed usage, please read the 📘 document: https://angle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html

📢 Train/Infer Powerful Sentence Embeddings with AnglE. This library is from the paper: AnglE: Angle-optimized Text Embeddings. It allows for training state-of-the-art BERT/LLM-based sentence embeddings with just a few lines of code. AnglE is also a general sentence embedding inference framework, allowing for infering a variety of transformer-based sentence embeddings.

✨ Features

Loss:

• 📐 AnglE loss (ACL24)
• ⚖ Contrastive loss
• 📏 CoSENT loss
• ☕️ Espresso loss (ICLR 2025, a.k.a 2DMSE, detail: README_ESE)

Backbones:

• BERT-based models (BERT, RoBERTa, ModernBERT, etc.)
• LLM-based models (LLaMA, Mistral, Qwen, etc.)
• Bi-directional LLM-based models (LLaMA, Mistral, Qwen, OpenELMo, etc.. refer to: https://github.com/WhereIsAI/BiLLM)

Training:

• Single-GPU training
• Multi-GPU training

More features will be added in the future.

🏆 Achievements

📅 May 16, 2024 | Paper "AnglE: Angle-optimized Text Embeddings" is accepted by ACL 2024 Main Conference.

📅 Mar 13, 2024 | Paper "BeLLM: Backward Dependency Enhanced Large Language Model for Sentence Embeddings" is accepted by NAACL 2024 Main Conference.

📅 Mar 8, 2024 | 🍞 mixedbread's embedding (mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-large-v1) achieves SOTA on the MTEB Leaderboard with an average score of 64.68! The model is trained using AnglE. Congrats mixedbread!

📅 Dec 4, 2023 | Our universal sentence embedding WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1 achieves SOTA on the MTEB Leaderboard with an average score of 64.64! The model is trained using AnglE.

📅 Dec, 2023 | AnglE achieves SOTA performance on the STS Bechmark Semantic Textual Similarity!

🤗 Official Pretrained Models

BERT-based models:

🤗 HF	Max Tokens	Pooling Strategy	Scenario
WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1	512	cls	English, General-purpose
WhereIsAI/UAE-Code-Large-V1	512	cls	Code Similarity
WhereIsAI/pubmed-angle-base-en	512	cls	Medical Similarity
WhereIsAI/pubmed-angle-large-en	512	cls	Medical Similarity

LLM-based models:

🤗 HF (lora weight)	Backbone	Max Tokens	Prompts	Pooling Strategy	Scenario
SeanLee97/angle-llama-13b-nli	NousResearch/Llama-2-13b-hf	4096	Prompts.A	last token	English, Similarity Measurement
SeanLee97/angle-llama-7b-nli-v2	NousResearch/Llama-2-7b-hf	4096	Prompts.A	last token	English, Similarity Measurement

💡 You can find more third-party embeddings trained with AnglE in HuggingFace Collection

🚀 Quick Start

⬇️ Installation

use uv

uv pip install -U angle-emb

or pip

pip install -U angle-emb

---

🔍 Inference

1️⃣ BERT-based Models

Option A: With Prompts (for Retrieval Tasks)

Use prompts with {text} as placeholder. Check available prompts via Prompts.list_prompts().

from angle_emb import AnglE, Prompts
from angle_emb.utils import cosine_similarity

# Load model
angle = AnglE.from_pretrained('WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1', pooling_strategy='cls').cuda()

# Encode query with prompt, documents without prompt
qv = angle.encode(['what is the weather?'], to_numpy=True, prompt=Prompts.C)
doc_vecs = angle.encode([
    'The weather is great!',
    'it is rainy today.',
    'i am going to bed'
], to_numpy=True)

# Calculate similarity
for dv in doc_vecs:
    print(cosine_similarity(qv[0], dv))

Option B: Without Prompts (for Similarity Tasks)

from angle_emb import AnglE
from angle_emb.utils import cosine_similarity

# Load model
angle = AnglE.from_pretrained('WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1', pooling_strategy='cls').cuda()

# Encode documents
doc_vecs = angle.encode([
    'The weather is great!',
    'The weather is very good!',
    'i am going to bed'
])

# Calculate pairwise similarity
for i, dv1 in enumerate(doc_vecs):
    for dv2 in doc_vecs[i+1:]:
        print(cosine_similarity(dv1, dv2))

---

2️⃣ LLM-based Models

For LoRA-based models, specify both the backbone model and LoRA weights. Always set is_llm=True for LLM models.

import torch
from angle_emb import AnglE, Prompts
from angle_emb.utils import cosine_similarity

# Load LLM with LoRA weights
angle = AnglE.from_pretrained(
    'NousResearch/Llama-2-7b-hf',
    pretrained_lora_path='SeanLee97/angle-llama-7b-nli-v2',
    pooling_strategy='last',
    is_llm=True,
    torch_dtype=torch.float16
).cuda()

# Encode with prompt
doc_vecs = angle.encode([
    'The weather is great!',
    'The weather is very good!',
    'i am going to bed'
], prompt=Prompts.A)

# Calculate similarity
for i, dv1 in enumerate(doc_vecs):
    for dv2 in doc_vecs[i+1:]:
        print(cosine_similarity(dv1, dv2))

---

3️⃣ BiLLM-based Models

Enable bidirectional LLMs with apply_billm=True and specify the model class.

import os
import torch
from angle_emb import AnglE
from angle_emb.utils import cosine_similarity

# Set BiLLM environment variable
os.environ['BiLLM_START_INDEX'] = '31'

# Load BiLLM model
angle = AnglE.from_pretrained(
    'NousResearch/Llama-2-7b-hf',
    pretrained_lora_path='SeanLee97/bellm-llama-7b-nli',
    pooling_strategy='last',
    is_llm=True,
    apply_billm=True,
    billm_model_class='LlamaForCausalLM',
    torch_dtype=torch.float16
).cuda()

# Encode with custom prompt
doc_vecs = angle.encode([
    'The weather is great!',
    'The weather is very good!',
    'i am going to bed'
], prompt='The representative word for sentence {text} is:"')

# Calculate similarity
for i, dv1 in enumerate(doc_vecs):
    for dv2 in doc_vecs[i+1:]:
        print(cosine_similarity(dv1, dv2))

---

4️⃣ Espresso/Matryoshka Models

Truncate layers and embedding dimensions for flexible model compression.

from angle_emb import AnglE
from angle_emb.utils import cosine_similarity

# Load model
angle = AnglE.from_pretrained('mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-2d-large-v1', pooling_strategy='cls').cuda()

# Truncate to specific layer
angle = angle.truncate_layer(layer_index=22)

# Encode with truncated embedding size
doc_vecs = angle.encode([
    'The weather is great!',
    'The weather is very good!',
    'i am going to bed'
], embedding_size=768)

# Calculate similarity
for i, dv1 in enumerate(doc_vecs):
    for dv2 in doc_vecs[i+1:]:
        print(cosine_similarity(dv1, dv2))

---

5️⃣ Third-party Models

Load any transformer-based models (e.g., sentence-transformers, BAAI/bge, etc.) using AnglE.

from angle_emb import AnglE

# Load third-party model
model = AnglE.from_pretrained('mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-large-v1', pooling_strategy='cls').cuda()

# Encode text
vec = model.encode('hello world', to_numpy=True)
print(vec)

---

⚡ Batch Inference

Speed up inference with the batched library (recommended for large-scale processing).

uv pip install batched

import batched
from angle_emb import AnglE

# Load model
model = AnglE.from_pretrained("WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1", pooling_strategy='cls').cuda()

# Enable dynamic batching
model.encode = batched.dynamically(model.encode, batch_size=64)

# Encode large batch
vecs = model.encode([
    'The weather is great!',
    'The weather is very good!',
    'i am going to bed'
] * 50)

🕸️ Custom Training

💡 For complete details, see the official training documentation.

---

🗂️ Step 1: Prepare Your Dataset

AnglE supports three dataset formats. Choose based on your task:

Format	Columns	Description	Use Case
Format A	text1, text2, label	Paired texts with similarity scores (0-1)	Similarity scoring
Format B	query, positive	Query-document pairs	Retrieval without hard negatives
Format C	query, positive, negative	Query with positive and negative samples	Contrastive learning

Notes:

• All formats use HuggingFace datasets.Dataset
• text1, text2, query, positive, and negative can be str or List[str] (random sampling for lists)

---

🚂 Step 2: Training Methods

Option A: CLI Training (Recommended)

Single GPU:

CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 angle-trainer --help

Multi-GPU with FSDP:

CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3 WANDB_MODE=disabled accelerate launch \
  --multi_gpu \
  --num_processes 4 \
  --main_process_port 2345 \
  --config_file examples/FSDP/fsdp_config.yaml \
  -m angle_emb.angle_trainer \
  --gradient_checkpointing 1 \
  --use_reentrant 0 \
  ...

Multi-GPU (Standard):

CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3 WANDB_MODE=disabled accelerate launch \
  --multi_gpu \
  --num_processes 4 \
  --main_process_port 2345 \
  -m angle_emb.angle_trainer \
  --model_name_or_path YOUR_MODEL \
  --train_name_or_path YOUR_DATASET \
  ...

📁 More examples: examples/Training

---

Option B: Python API Training

from datasets import load_dataset
from angle_emb import AnglE

# Step 1: Load pretrained model
angle = AnglE.from_pretrained(
    'SeanLee97/angle-bert-base-uncased-nli-en-v1',
    max_length=128,
    pooling_strategy='cls'
).cuda()

# Step 2: Prepare dataset (Format A example)
ds = load_dataset('mteb/stsbenchmark-sts')
ds = ds.map(lambda obj: {
    "text1": str(obj["sentence1"]),
    "text2": str(obj['sentence2']),
    "label": obj['score']
})
ds = ds.select_columns(["text1", "text2", "label"])

# Step 3: Train the model
angle.fit(
    train_ds=ds['train'].shuffle(),
    valid_ds=ds['validation'],
    output_dir='ckpts/sts-b',
    batch_size=32,
    epochs=5,
    learning_rate=2e-5,
    save_steps=100,
    eval_steps=1000,
    warmup_steps=0,
    gradient_accumulation_steps=1,
    loss_kwargs={
        'cosine_w': 1.0,
        'ibn_w': 1.0,
        'angle_w': 0.02,
        'cosine_tau': 20,
        'ibn_tau': 20,
        'angle_tau': 20
    },
    fp16=True,
    logging_steps=100
)

# Step 4: Evaluate
corrcoef = angle.evaluate(ds['test'])
print('Spearman\'s corrcoef:', corrcoef)

---

⚙️ Advanced Configuration

Training Special Models

Model Type	CLI Flags	Description
LLM	--is_llm 1 + LoRA params	Must manually enable LLM mode
BiLLM	--apply_billm 1 --billm_model_class LlamaForCausalLM	Bidirectional LLMs (guide)
Espresso (ESE)	--apply_ese 1 --ese_kl_temperature 1.0 --ese_compression_size 256	Matryoshka-style embeddings

Applying Prompts

Format	Flag	Applies To
Format A	--text_prompt "text: {text}"	Both text1 and text2
Format B/C	--query_prompt "query: {text}"	query field
Format B/C	--doc_prompt "document: {text}"	positive and negative fields

Column Mapping (Legacy Compatibility)

Adapt old datasets without modification:

# CLI
--column_rename_mapping "text:query"

# Python
column_rename_mapping={"text": "query"}

Model Conversion

Convert trained models to sentence-transformers format:

python scripts/convert_to_sentence_transformers.py --help

---

💡 Fine-tuning Tips

📖 Full documentation

Format	Recommendation
Format A	Increase cosine_w or decrease ibn_w
Format B	Only tune ibn_w and ibn_tau
Format C	Set cosine_w=0, angle_w=0.02, and configure cln_w + ibn_w

Prevent Catastrophic Forgetting:

• Set teacher_name_or_path for knowledge distillation
• Use same model path for self-distillation
• ⚠️ Ensure teacher and student use the same tokenizer

---

🔄 Integration with sentence-transformers

Task	Status	Notes
Training	⚠️ Partial	SentenceTransformers has AnglE loss, but use official angle_emb for best results
Inference	✅ Full	Convert trained models: examples/convert_to_sentence_transformers.py

🫡 Citation

If you use our code and pre-trained models, please support us by citing our work as follows:

@article{li2023angle,
  title={AnglE-optimized Text Embeddings},
  author={Li, Xianming and Li, Jing},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.12871},
  year={2023}
}

📜 ChangeLogs

📅	Description
2025 Jan	v0.6.0 - Major refactoring 🎉: • Removed AngleDataTokenizer - no need to pre-tokenize datasets!• Removed DatasetFormats class - use string literals ('A', 'B', 'C')• Removed auto-detection of LLM models - set is_llm manually• Renamed --prompt_template to --text_prompt (Format A only)• Added --query_prompt and --doc_prompt for Format B/C• Added --column_rename_mapping to adapt old datasets without modification• Updated data formats: Format B/C now use query, positive, negative fields• Support list-based sampling in Format B/C• Updated examples to use accelerate launch• See MIGRATION_GUIDE.md for upgrade instructions
2024 May 21	support Espresso Sentence Embeddings
2024 Feb 7	support training with only positive pairs (Format C: query, positive)
2023 Dec 4	Release a universal English sentence embedding model: WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1
2023 Nov 2	Release an English pretrained model: SeanLee97/angle-llama-13b-nli
2023 Oct 28	Release two chinese pretrained models: SeanLee97/angle-roberta-wwm-base-zhnli-v1 and SeanLee97/angle-llama-7b-zhnli-v1; Add chinese README.md

📧 Contact

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to contact us via email: [email protected]

© License

This project is licensed under the MIT License. For the pretrained models, please refer to the corresponding license of the models.