linux-android

Repurpose Your Old Android Phone

Turn any old Android phone into a Linux desktop or a smart home server — no PC, no root, no cloud. Just Termux.

Created to accompany a YouTube video walkthrough. Timestamps are referenced in the video description.

graph LR
    A["📱 Old Android Phone<br/>+ Termux"] --> B["🖥️ Linux Desktop<br/><i>termux-linux-setup.sh</i>"]
    A --> C["🏠 Smart Home Server<br/><i>setup-homeassistant.sh</i>"]
    B --> D["GPU-accelerated DE<br/>Firefox, VLC, SSH, Wine"]
    C --> E["Home Assistant Core<br/>Control lights & plugs"]

Pick your path

	Linux Desktop	Smart Home Server
What	Full GUI desktop environment on your phone	Home Assistant hub that controls WiFi devices
Use cases	Learning Linux, Python dev, SSH server, web browsing, media	Control smart lights/plugs, automation, dashboards
Script	bash termux-linux-setup.sh	bash setup-homeassistant.sh
Time	10–30 min	15–45 min
Jump to	Desktop setup	Home Assistant setup

You can run both on the same phone — they don't conflict.

Watch the full build

▶ Repurpose Your Old Android Phone — full walkthrough — every step in this README, on video, with timestamps in the description.

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Requirements

Hardware

• Android phone with an arm64 (64-bit) processor
• 3 GB+ RAM recommended (4 GB+ for KDE Plasma)
• 5–10 GB of free storage (more if you install Wine)
• A Qualcomm Snapdragon chip is ideal — it enables the best GPU acceleration (Turnip/Adreno). The script works on Mali/other GPUs too but performance will be lighter.

Software

App	Where to Get It
Termux	F-Droid — do not use the Play Store version, it is outdated
Termux-X11	GitHub Releases — download the latest .apk

Note on rooting / custom ROMs: This script works on stock Android too. The video demonstrates it running on LineageOS on a OnePlus 5T. Rooting is not required by the script itself.

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Desktop Environments — Which One to Choose?

#	Desktop	Best For	Resource Usage
1	XFCE4 (default)	Most users. Fast, customizable, macOS-style dock	Low–Medium
2	LXQt	Old or low-RAM phones (2–3 GB)	Very Low
3	MATE	Classic desktop feel	Medium
4	KDE Plasma	Powerful phones only — Windows 11 style	High

If you're unsure, go with XFCE4.

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Installation

Step 1 — Install required apps

Install Termux from F-Droid and Termux-X11 from GitHub (links above). Grant both apps any permissions they request.

Step 2 — Pre-upgrade Termux (important — do this first)

Open Termux and run:

termux-wake-lock
pkg upgrade -y

The termux-wake-lock command keeps Termux alive when your screen turns off — without it, Android can kill the process mid-install. The pkg upgrade brings your base system up to date before the script runs, preventing a known crash involving libpcre and libandroid-selinux.

Step 3 — Download and run the script

curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mayukh4/linux-android/main/termux-linux-setup.sh
chmod +x termux-linux-setup.sh
bash termux-linux-setup.sh

The script will ask you to choose a desktop environment and whether you want Wine. Everything else is automatic.

Installation takes 10–30 minutes depending on your internet speed. A full log is saved to ~/termux-setup.log if anything goes wrong.

Step 4 — Start your desktop

bash ~/start-linux.sh

Then open the Termux-X11 app on your phone. Your Linux desktop will appear inside it.

To stop:

bash ~/stop-linux.sh

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What Gets Installed

Component	Details
Termux-X11	Display server — renders your desktop on screen
Desktop Environment	Your choice: XFCE4, LXQt, MATE, or KDE
Mesa / Zink	OpenGL via Vulkan — enables GPU-accelerated graphics
Turnip driver	Qualcomm Adreno open-source Vulkan driver (if detected)
D-Bus	Session message bus — required by every desktop's settings daemon
PulseAudio	Audio server
Firefox	Full desktop web browser
VLC	Video and audio player
Git, wget, curl	Standard developer tools
Python 3 + pip	Python runtime and package manager
OpenSSH	SSH server and client — remote access from your PC
Wine (optional)	Run Windows x86 apps via Hangover + Box64

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GPU Acceleration

The script detects your GPU automatically using hardware properties (not brand name — Samsung ships both Adreno and Mali phones depending on region, so brand detection is unreliable).

Qualcomm Adreno (Snapdragon phones): Uses the open-source Turnip Vulkan driver + Zink (OpenGL on Vulkan). Near-native GPU performance.

Mali / Other GPUs: Falls back to Zink + SwRast (software Vulkan). Functional but lighter desktops (XFCE4, LXQt) are strongly recommended.

Zink comes from Termux's own mesa package ($PREFIX/lib/dri/zink_dri.so), which has shipped it since Mesa 23. The script only falls back to the third-party mesa-zink build on installs whose Mesa genuinely lacks Zink, or that already have mesa-zink from an earlier run — the two stacks ship the same library filenames and cannot be mixed.

The GPU environment is saved in ~/.config/linux-gpu.sh and loaded automatically on every start-linux.sh. You can edit that file to tweak Mesa flags.

Check what the desktop is actually using, from a terminal inside the desktop:

# Which Vulkan driver did the loader pick?
vulkaninfo --summary | head -30

# Which OpenGL renderer is in use? Should say "zink"
glxinfo -B | grep -i "renderer\|opengl version"

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SSH — Access Your Phone from a PC or Laptop

OpenSSH is installed automatically by the script. This lets you SSH into your phone from any computer on the same Wi-Fi network — useful for running commands, transferring files, or doing development work on a proper keyboard.

First-time SSH setup

Open a terminal in Termux (not inside the desktop — the regular Termux app) and run:

# Start the SSH server
sshd

# Set your Termux password (you'll use this to log in over SSH)
passwd

Find your phone's IP address:

ip addr show wlan0 | grep 'inet '

The output will look like inet 192.168.1.42/24 — your IP is the part before the /.

Connect from your PC or laptop

On your computer (Linux, macOS, or Windows with Terminal):

ssh [email protected] -p 8022

Port 8022 is the default Termux SSH port (not the standard port 22, which requires root).

To find your Termux username, run whoami in Termux. On most setups it will be something like u0_a123.

Simplified login with SSH config (optional)

On your PC, add this to ~/.ssh/config to avoid typing the full command every time:

Host myphone
    HostName 192.168.1.42
    User u0_a123
    Port 8022

Then you can connect with just:

ssh myphone

File transfer with SCP or SFTP

Copy a file from your PC to your phone:

scp -P 8022 myfile.txt [email protected]:~/

Copy a file from your phone to your PC:

scp -P 8022 [email protected]:~/somefile.txt ./

Or use any SFTP client (like FileZilla or Cyberduck) — connect to the same IP and port 8022.

Keep SSH running when you close Termux

By default sshd stops when Termux is closed. To keep it running persistently:

# Add to your ~/.bashrc so sshd auto-starts whenever Termux opens
echo 'sshd 2>/dev/null' >> ~/.bashrc

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Windows App Support (Wine)

If you chose to install Wine, it uses Hangover Wine with Box64 to translate Windows x86 calls to ARM64. Simple tools and utilities tend to work; heavy software or games may not.

To configure Wine, run winecfg in your desktop terminal or click the Wine Config shortcut on your desktop.

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Home Assistant — Smart Home Server

Turn your old Android phone into an always-on smart home hub that controls WiFi smart lights, plugs, and other devices — accessible from any browser on your network.

Home Assistant Core runs inside a lightweight Ubuntu container (via proot-distro) on your phone. No root, no cloud dependency for local devices.

What it can control

Device Type	Brand Examples	How it connects
WiFi smart lights	TP-Link Kasa, Govee, LIFX	Direct IP on your local network
WiFi smart plugs	TP-Link Kasa, Wemo	Direct IP on your local network
Cloud-connected devices	Tuya / Smart Life, Govee	Via cloud API (works everywhere)
Other WiFi devices	Smart switches, sensors, cameras	By IP or cloud integration

Limitations on Android

• No Bluetooth — HA cannot access the phone's Bluetooth stack through Termux
• No USB dongles — Zigbee/Z-Wave USB sticks won't work without root and kernel support
• No auto-discovery (mDNS) — Android 10+ blocks /proc/net/dev, which breaks Zeroconf. You must add devices by IP address or cloud API instead of relying on automatic detection
• No Docker/Add-ons — This is HA Core, not HA OS. Community add-ons that require Docker won't work. Core integrations (2000+) work fine.

Installation

curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mayukh4/linux-android/main/setup-homeassistant.sh
bash setup-homeassistant.sh

Installation takes 15–45 minutes depending on your phone. The longest step is compiling Home Assistant's Python dependencies (numpy, cryptography, etc.) inside the Ubuntu container.

Starting and stopping

# Start Home Assistant
bash ~/start-homeassistant.sh

# Stop Home Assistant
bash ~/stop-homeassistant.sh

# Upgrade to the newest version your container's Python supports
bash ~/upgrade-homeassistant.sh

HACS — the community add-on store

HACS is the community store for integrations, themes, and Lovelace cards that aren't in HA core. The setup script offers to install it for you.

Install HACS before any other custom integration. If custom_components/ already contains hand-installed integrations, remove them first — otherwise HACS can end up in a broken state.

To install it by hand after the fact:

proot-distro login ubuntu -- sh -c "cd ~/hass-config && wget -O - https://get.hacs.xyz | bash -"

Then restart Home Assistant and finish setup in the dashboard:

1. Settings → Devices & Services → + Add Integration
2. Search for HACS
3. Tick all the acknowledgements, then authorize with your GitHub account

Full configuration docs: hacs.xyz/docs/use/configuration/basic.

Upgrading Home Assistant

bash ~/upgrade-homeassistant.sh

Why a fresh install may land on an older version than the HA website shows. pip installs the newest release whose requires-python your interpreter satisfies, then stops. It is not a failed install:

Container Python	Newest Home Assistant you can run
3.12	2025.1.x
3.13.0 – 3.13.1	2025.5.x
3.13.2+	2026.2.x
3.14.2+	2026.3 and later

(Verified against each release's requires-python on PyPI.)

proot-distro install ubuntu tracks a rolling Ubuntu release, so which Python you get depends on when you installed the container. bash ~/upgrade-homeassistant.sh prints your Python version and tells you if you have hit the ceiling.

This is not automated because it replaces the interpreter under a working install. Back up ~/hass-config first.

proot-distro login ubuntu

# 1. Fetch a standalone CPython 3.14 (no PPA, no compiling)
curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH"
uv python install 3.14

# 2. Build a fresh venv on it, leaving the old one in place
uv venv --python 3.14 ~/hass-venv-314
~/hass-venv-314/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip wheel setuptools
uv pip install --python ~/hass-venv-314/bin/python homeassistant

# 3. Test it against your existing config before switching over
~/hass-venv-314/bin/hass -c ~/hass-config

If it starts cleanly, point ~/start-homeassistant.sh at hass-venv-314/bin/hass. If not, your old ~/hass-venv is untouched — just keep using it.

Note that Home Assistant Core (the Python/venv install method) was deprecated upstream in 2025. It still works and still gets releases; it just is not an officially supported install method any more. On a phone it remains the only realistic option — HA OS and HA Container both need Docker or bare metal.

Accessing the dashboard

Once HA is running, open a browser on any device on your WiFi network and go to:

http://<your-phone-ip>:8123

Find your phone's IP with ip addr show wlan0 | grep 'inet ' in Termux.

The first launch takes 5–10 minutes to initialize. You'll create your admin account in the browser on first visit.

Adding your first device — TP-Link Kasa

1. Open the Kasa app on your regular phone and note the device's IP address (Device Settings → Device Info)
2. In HA dashboard: Settings → Devices & Services → + Add Integration
3. Search for "TP-Link Kasa Smart"
4. Enter the device IP address when prompted
5. Your light/plug should appear — you can now control it from the HA dashboard

Since mDNS is disabled on Android, auto-discovery won't find devices. Always add by IP.

Adding Tuya / Smart Life devices

Tuya devices connect through the Tuya cloud API, which works regardless of local network restrictions:

1. Go to iot.tuya.com and create a free developer account
2. Create a Cloud Project → select your data center region → add the Smart Home API
3. Go to Devices → Link Tuya App Account → scan the QR code with the Smart Life / Tuya Smart app
4. In HA dashboard: Settings → Devices & Services → + Add Integration → Tuya
5. Enter your Access ID and Access Secret from the Tuya IoT console

Keeping Home Assistant running in the background

By default, Android kills Termux processes when the app is backgrounded. To keep HA running 24/7:

# Option 1: Run in background with nohup
termux-wake-lock
nohup bash ~/start-homeassistant.sh > ~/hass.log 2>&1 &

# Option 2: Auto-start on Termux launch (add to ~/.bashrc)
echo 'termux-wake-lock && nohup bash ~/start-homeassistant.sh > ~/hass.log 2>&1 &' >> ~/.bashrc

termux-wake-lock prevents Android from suspending the process. Plug your phone into a charger and it becomes a dedicated always-on server.

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Video Use Cases

Ideas for what you can do with your old Android phone running this setup:

• Smart home controller — plug it in, run Home Assistant 24/7, control your lights and plugs from any device on your network
• Linux desktop for learning — a full XFCE4/KDE/MATE desktop to learn Linux without buying a PC
• SSH development server — code on your laptop, run on your phone over SSH
• Python development workstation — Python 3 + pip ready to go, great for learning or small projects
• Media server / file server — serve files over your local network using Python's built-in HTTP server or install Samba
• Network monitoring dashboard — access Home Assistant and system stats from any browser

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Troubleshooting

Script exits mid-install without a clear error Check ~/termux-setup.log. The script logs every package install result. The last line will tell you exactly which package triggered the failure.

Desktop doesn't appear after running start-linux.sh Open the Termux-X11 app manually — the desktop renders inside that app, not in the Termux terminal itself.

Black screen in Termux-X11 Run stop-linux.sh then start-linux.sh again. KDE Plasma can take 20–30 seconds longer than other DEs on first boot.

"library not found" or "cannot link executable" error during install This is the libpcre crash. Close Termux completely, reopen it, run pkg upgrade -y, then re-run the script.

"Unable to contact settings server" / "Failed to connect to socket .../dbus-XXXX: Connection refused" The desktop's settings daemon talks over the D-Bus session bus. Either no bus is running, or a previous session was force-killed and left a dead socket behind that the desktop keeps trying to reuse. start-linux.sh now clears the stale state and starts a bus at a fixed address before launching the desktop. If you are on an older copy of the script, re-run termux-linux-setup.sh to regenerate the launchers, or fix it by hand:

pkg install dbus
pkill -9 -f dbus-daemon
rm -rf ~/.dbus "$PREFIX"/tmp/dbus-*
mkdir -p "$PREFIX/var/run/dbus"
export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS="unix:path=$PREFIX/var/run/dbus/session_bus_socket"
dbus-daemon --session --address="$DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS" --nopidfile --fork

Vulkan / Mesa packages fail: "vulkan-loader-generic : Conflicts: vulkan-loader-android", or dpkg "trying to overwrite libvulkan_freedreno.so" Two separate causes, both fixed in the current script:

• vulkan-loader-generic both provides and conflicts with vulkan-loader-android, so asking for the android loader on a normal install aborts the whole transaction for no benefit. The script now installs vulkan-loader-generic.
• The third-party mesa-zink-vulkan-icd-freedreno (Mesa 22) ships the same libvulkan_freedreno.so as the main-repo Turnip driver (Mesa 26), so installing both makes dpkg abort. The script now picks one stack and stays on it.

If your install predates this fix, GPU acceleration probably still worked — those two failures are loud but not fatal. Re-running the script cleans it up.

Package install fails with "unmet dependencies" or "Conflicts" The script's safe_install_pkg function reads each package's declared conflicts, evaluates version constraints properly, and lets apt perform conflicts the package legitimately replaces. If you still see this, check the log and open a GitHub issue with your device model and Android version.

Audio not working Wait 5–10 seconds after the desktop appears. PulseAudio needs a moment to initialize on first start.

SSH connection refused Make sure sshd is running (ps aux | grep sshd). If not, run sshd again. Confirm you're using port 8022, not 22.

Wine doesn't launch Wine needs an active display. Make sure your desktop is running first, then run winecfg from the terminal inside the desktop.

Home Assistant: "pip install homeassistant" fails with compilation errors This usually means a build dependency is missing. Run proot-distro login ubuntu and check that python3-dev, libffi-dev, libssl-dev, and cargo are installed. Then retry: source ~/hass-venv/bin/activate && pip install homeassistant.

Home Assistant: dashboard not loading at port 8123 First launch takes 5–10 minutes. Check if HA is still initializing: proot-distro login ubuntu -- bash -c "source ~/hass-venv/bin/activate && hass -c ~/hass-config" and watch the output. Make sure your phone and browser are on the same WiFi network.

Home Assistant: "address already in use" error on startup Another HA instance is already running. Stop it first with bash ~/stop-homeassistant.sh, or manually: pkill -f "hass -c".

Home Assistant: devices not discovered automatically This is expected on Android. The /proc/net/dev restriction on Android 10+ prevents mDNS/Zeroconf from working. Add devices manually by IP address or use cloud-based integrations (Tuya, Govee Cloud, etc.).

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Advanced Notes

~/.config/linux-gpu.sh is sourced on every desktop start. Common tweaks:

# Force software rendering (for debugging)
export GALLIUM_DRIVER=llvmpipe

# Enable Mesa debug output
export MESA_DEBUG=1

# Change OpenGL version override
export MESA_GL_VERSION_OVERRIDE=3.3

On your PC, generate a key pair if you don't have one:

ssh-keygen -t ed25519

Copy your public key to your phone:

ssh-copy-id -p 8022 [email protected]

After this, SSH will no longer ask for a password.

Add to ~/.bashrc in Termux:

# Uncomment to auto-launch desktop on Termux open
# bash ~/start-linux.sh

Termux has several packages that hard-conflict with each other (for example vulkan-loader-android and vulkan-loader-generic declare a mutual Conflicts). Standard apt-get fails loudly when you install one while the other is present, which would exit the script mid-run.

safe_install_pkg reads each package's metadata from apt-cache show before installing and decides what to do:

1. Already installed, or already provided. vulkan-loader-generic provides vulkan-loader-android, so asking for the latter is already satisfied — no install needed.
2. Version constraints are honoured. Conflicts: ndk-sysroot (<< 23b-6) only applies below 23b-6, evaluated with dpkg --compare-versions. Treating that as an unconditional conflict used to skip packages that would have installed fine.
3. Replacements are allowed through. A package that declares Replaces:/Provides: the thing it conflicts with is a supported swap, and apt handles it.
4. Genuine conflicts are skipped with a warning, and the script continues.

The result: the script is safe to run on any Termux setup regardless of what was pre-installed, without silently skipping things it should have installed.

All hardcoded /data/data/com.termux/... paths have been replaced with $PREFIX (the standard Termux environment variable). This means the script works on non-standard installs such as Termux on a secondary Android user profile.

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Contributing

PRs and issues are welcome. If a package name has changed, a DE has a better startup command, or you've found a new conflict to handle, open an issue with your device model and Android version.

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Read this in other languages

If you would prefer to read this in Chinese, the full translation is here: 中文文档 / Chinese documentation.

Translations of the README into other languages are welcome — open a PR with a README.<lang>.md file and I will link it here.

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Support this project

If this saved you buying a Raspberry Pi, you can sponsor the work on GitHub. Starring the repo helps too — it is what gets it in front of the next person looking to do this.

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License

MIT — use and modify freely.