openspg

OpenSPGApache-2.0长期未更新

蚂蚁集团与 OpenKG 联合推出的知识图谱引擎,基于 SPG 框架做领域模型约束的知识建模,并把事实与逻辑融合表示,原生支持 KAG 知识增强生成。

OpenSPG is a Knowledge Graph Engine developed by Ant Group in collaboration with OpenKG, based on the SPG (Semantic-enhanced Programmable Graph) framework. Core Capabilities: 1) domain model constrained knowledge modeling, 2) facts and logic fused representation, 3) natively support KAG...

v0.8发布于 2025-06-29 02:12 UTC2,293star282fork同步于 2026-11-07 07:31 UTC

怎么上手

由 README 提炼,执行前请确认
README 未给出安装命令,安装步骤见官方文档 https://openspg.yuque.com/ndx6g9/docs_en/rs7gr8g4s538b1n7
硬件要求按 README 说明

README 未说明

下载:源码 zip·GitHub Releases(安装包)本站不镜像安装包

项目说明

由 README 自动翻译提炼

蚂蚁与 OpenKG 联合开源的 SPG 知识图谱引擎,用语义增强可编程图框架做领域知识建模与推理

蚂蚁集团与 OpenKG 联合推出的知识图谱引擎,基于 SPG 框架做领域模型约束的知识建模,并把事实与逻辑融合表示,原生支持 KAG 知识增强生成。

核心能力

  • 用 SPG-Schema 做领域模型约束的语义建模
  • SPG-Builder 支持结构化与非结构化知识构建
  • 用 KGDSL 编写可编程逻辑规则并做规则推理
  • KNext 框架隔离引擎与业务逻辑,便于扩展
  • Cloudext 层可插拔适配图存储与图计算引擎

容易踩的坑

README 未提供安装命令与依赖版本,需按官方文档安装;示例与教程托管在语雀文档,需另行访问;图存储/图计算引擎需通过 Cloudext 适配,README 未说明默认后端

内容由模型根据 README 生成,可能不完整或不准确,以官方文档为准。看原文 README

最近发版

5 个版本v0.8
  1. v0.8Version 0.8.0最新正式版2025-06-29 · 2025-06-29 02:12 UTC

    Version 0.8.0 (2025-06-27)

    1、Overview

    We are excited to announce the official release of KAG version 0.8. This update focuses on continuously enhancing the consistency, rigor, and accuracy of large model knowledge base-driven reasoning and question-answering. It also introduces several significant new features and capabilities. First, we have upgraded the capabilities of the KAG knowledge base. We have expanded support for two modes: private domain knowledge bases (including structured and unstructured data) and public domain knowledge bases. This includes the ability to integrate public web data sources such as LBS and WebSearch via the MCP protocol. Additionally, we have improved the management of private domain knowledge base indexing, incorporating multiple foundational index types such as Outline, Summary, KnowledgeUnit, AtomicQuery, Chunk, and Table. This supports developers in customizing indexes and synchronizing them with product interfaces. Users can select the most appropriate index type based on their specific scenarios, achieving a balance between construction costs and business outcomes. Second, we have optimized the product experience and refined the system integration interfaces. On the product front, we have decoupled the knowledge base from applications. The knowledge base now manages private domain data (both structured and unstructured) and public domain data, while applications can link to multiple knowledge bases. Based on the index types used during knowledge base construction, the system automatically adapts the corresponding retrieval engine to recall data. Both applications and knowledge bases independently manage model dependencies and task scheduling, enhancing flexibility. In terms of system integration, we have refined the KAG recall and Q&A interfaces, adding support for embedding reasoning and Q&A pages within business applications. We have fully embraced the MCP protocol, enabling seamless integration of KAG reasoning and Q&A into agent workflows (based on the MCP protocol). Third, KAG has successfully adapted to the KAG-Thinker model. Through optimizations such as broad decomposition and deep solving of complex problems, knowledge boundary determination, and noise-resistant retrieval results, the stability of the KAG framework's reasoning paradigm and the rigor of its reasoning logic have been significantly improved under the guidance of iterative thinking paradigms. Further details on the release and usage of the KAG-Thinker model will be provided in our upcoming announcements. In addition to the aforementioned framework and product optimizations, we have also enhanced Q&A efficiency and the stability of streaming outputs. This update is based on the Qwen2.5-72B foundation model and has achieved performance alignment across various RAG frameworks and selected KG datasets. The overall benchmark results of this release are illustrated in Figures 1~3, with detailed metrics available in the open_benchmark section.

    2、Framework Enhancements

    2.1、Configurable Index Management

    Index extraction and retrieval are core capabilities of knowledge base applications. KAG v0.8 has upgraded its architecture to support configurable management of index construction and retrieval. Each index type is equipped with its own extractor (Extractor) and retriever (Retriever), managed through the IndexManager. KAG comes with built-in foundational index types such as KnowledgeUnit (an enhanced version of graph triples), Outline, Summary, Chunk, AtomicQuery, and Table, along with their corresponding extractors and retrievers. During the knowledge base construction phase, the platform invokes the appropriate extractor based on the index types selected by the user to perform index extraction. In the application phase, based on the knowledge bases associated with the application, the platform automatically calls the corresponding retriever to complete the recall of graph/chunk/doc data and integrates w

  2. v0.7.1Version 0.7.12025-04-25 · 2025-04-25 08:24 UTC
    查看更新说明

    Version 0.7.1 (2025-04-25)

    Dear Open Source Community,We are excited to officially announce the release of version 0.7.1 for OpenSPG/KAG! This release represents the collaborative efforts of both our core technical team and contributors from the global open source community. The update focuses on improving user experience, optimizing system performance, and addressing key issues based on your feedback. Below are the highlights of this release:

    🛠️ Fixes & Optimization Highlights:

    1. Resolved source code compilation errors: Fixed NoSuchBeanDefinitionException issues during openspg compilation to ensure a smooth development experience.
    2. Enhanced error diagnostics: Resolved the issue where timeout errors for vectorizer calls couldn't be traced, enabling quicker troubleshooting.
    3. Improved task performance: Optimized small task construction times by adjusting the scheduling interval, allowing asynchronous tasks to trigger immediately without waiting.
    4. Enhanced container stability: Fixed the issue where container restarts caused scheduling states to hang or crash.
    5. Reasoning Q&A Stream output optimization: Improved the responsiveness and fluidity of streaming outputs for Reasoning Q&A scenarios.
    6. Task details page upgrades: Added auto-refresh capabilities for logs and time cost statistics, allowing users to monitor system and task performance in real time.
    7. Simplified task splitting configuration: Disable the semantic segmentation module to avoid excessive token consumption caused by misoperations.
    8. Website updates: Added a new partner showcase section to the homepage and included a redirect to the OpenKG official website to foster collaborative opportunities.
    9. Bug fixes and product optimization: Implemented multiple fixes and refinements to address reported issues, enhancing product stability.

    🌟 Join Our Community

    The OpenSPG community thrives on collective wisdom and the shared mission of advancing open-source technology. We warmly invite you to contribute, share your insights, and collaborate on exciting projects. For more details about this release and user guides, please visit our official website.

    Thank you for your continued support and enthusiasm for OpenSPG! If you have questions or suggestions, feel free to reach out through our community channels or via email.


    Version 0.7.1 (2025-04-25)

    亲爱的开源社区伙伴们,非常高兴地宣布 OpenSPG/KAG 发布了最新版本 0.7.1!这一版本是我们的技术团队与社区开发者们共同努力的成果,其目标旨在提升用户体验、优化性能,并解决用户反馈的若干问题。以下是本次版本更新的核心内容概要:

    🛠️ 问题修复 & 功能优化

    1. 修复源码编译问题:解决 openspg 编译时可能遇到的 NoSuchBeanDefinitionException 报错问题,确保开发者可以顺利构建项目。
    2. 诊断优化:解决 vectorizer 调用超时异常信息无法透出的问题,帮助用户快速定位故障原因。
    3. 任务性能提升:优化小任务构建耗时,将任务调度间隔调整为更高效的频率,同时确保异步任务在无需等待的条件下立即触发。
    4. 镜像稳定性提升:解决镜像重启时调度状态异常卡死的问题,增强运行环境的稳定性。
    5. 推理问答流式输出优化:显著改善推理问答场景中流式输出的慢速和卡顿问题,提供更流畅的用户体验。
    6. 任务详情页面增强:新增日志自动刷新功能和任务耗时统计,帮助用户实时监控系统状态和任务性能。
    7. 构建任务切分调整:下线语义化切分的选项,避免误操作带来的大量tokens 消耗
    8. 官网功能更新:为官网主页新增合作伙伴信息板块,同时添加 OpenKG 官网跳转链接以促进资源共享。
    9. Bug修复和产品优化:针对社区反馈的问题做出多项功能修复与细节优化,提高整体产品的稳定性。

    🌟 加入我们的社区

    我们的开源社区凝聚了多方智慧,推动了开源技术的发展。我们诚挚邀请您参与项目的共建,共同探索更优秀的解决方案。有关本次更新的更多信息和操作指南,请访问 官网。

    感谢您对 OpenSPG 的关注和支持!如果有任何问题或建议,欢迎通过社区或邮件与我们联系。

  3. v0.7Version 0.72025-04-17 · 2025-04-17 09:04 UTC
    查看更新说明

    Version 0.7 (2025-04-17)

    1、Overview

    We are very pleased to announce the release of KAG 0.7. This update continues our commitment to increasing the consistency, rigor, and precision of large language models leveraging external knowledge bases, while introducing several important new features.

    Firstly, we have completely refactored the framework. The update adds support for both static and iterative task planning modes, along with a more rigorous hierarchical knowledge mechanism during the reasoning phase. Additionally, the new multi-executor extension mechanism and MCP protocol integration enable horizontal scaling of various symbolic solvers (such as math-executor and cypher-executor). These improvements not only help users quickly build knowledge-augmented applications to validate innovative ideas or domain-specific solutions, but also support continuous optimization of KAG Solver's capabilities, thereby further enhancing reasoning rigor in vertical applications.

    Secondly, we have comprehensively optimized the product experience: during the reasoning phase, we introduced dual modes "Simple Mode" and "Deep Reasoning" and added support for streaming reasoning output, significantly reducing user wait times. Particularly noteworthy is the introduction of the "Lightweight Construction" mode to better facilitate the large-scale business application of KAG and address the community's most pressing concern about high knowledge construction costs. As shown in the KAG-V0.7LC column of Figure 1, we tested a hybrid approach where a 7B model handles knowledge construction and a 72B model handles knowledge-based question answering. The results on the two_wiki, hotpotqa, and musique benchmarks showed only minor declines of 1.20%, 1.90%, and 3.11%, respectively. However, the token cost(Refer to Aliyun Bailian pricing)for constructing a 100,000-character document was reduced from 4.63¥ to 0.479¥, a 89% reduction, which substantially saves users both time and financial costs. Additionally, we will release a KAG-specific extraction model and a distributed offline batch construction version, continuously compressing model size and improving construction throughput to achieve daily construction capabilities for millions or even tens of millions of documents in a single scenario.

    Finally, to better promote business applications, technological advancement, and community exchange for knowledge-augmented LLMs, we have added an open_benchmark directory at the root level of the KAG repository. This directory includes reproduction methods for various datasets to help users replicate and improve KAG's performance across different tasks. Moving forward, we will continue to expand with more vertical scenario task datasets to provide users with richer resources.

    Beyond these framework and product optimizations, we've fixed several bugs in both reasoning and construction phases. This update uses Qwen2.5-72B as the base model, completing effect alignment across various RAG frameworks and partial KG datasets. For overall benchmark results, please refer to Figures 1 and 2, with detailed rankings available in the open_benchmark section.

    Figure1. Performance of KAG V0.7 and baselines on Multi-hop QA benchmarks

    _Figure2. Performance of KAG V0.7 and baselines(from OpenKG OneEval) on _Knowledge based QA benchmarks

    2、Framework Enhancements

    2.1、Hybrid Static-Dynamic Task Planning

    This release introduces optimizations to the KAG-Solver framework implementation, providing more flexible architectural support for: "Retrieval during reasoning" workflows, Multi-scenario algorithm experimentation, LLM-symbolic engine integration (via MCP protocol).

    The fr

  4. v0.6Version 0.62025-01-08 · 2025-01-08 03:24 UTC
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    Version 0.6 (2025-01-07)

    On January 7, 2025, OpenSPG officially released version 0.6, bringing updates across multiple areas, including domain knowledge mounting, vertical domain schema management, visual knowledge exploration, and support for summary generation tasks. In terms of user experience, it offers a mechanism for resuming knowledge base tasks from breakpoints, introduces a user login and permission system, and optimizes task scheduling for building processes. In developer mode, it supports configuring different models for different stages and enables schema-constraint mode for extraction, significantly enhancing the system's flexibility, usability, performance, and security. This release provides users with a more powerful knowledge management platform that adapts to diverse application scenarios.


    🌟 New Features

    1. Support for Summary Generation Tasks

      • Native support for abstractive summarization tasks without sacrificing multi-hop factual reasoning accuracy. On the CSQA dataset, while comprehensiveness, diversity, and empowerment metrics are slightly lower than LightRAG (-1.2/10), the factual accuracy metric is better than LightRAG (+0.1/10). On multi-hop question answering datasets such as HotpotQA, TwoWiki, and MuSiQue, since LightRAG and GraphRAG do not provide a factual QA evaluation entry, the EM metric using the default entry is close to 0. For quantitative evaluation results, please refer to the KAG code repository under examples/csqa/README.md and follow the steps to reproduce.
    2. Domain Schema Management

      • The product provides SPG schema management capabilities, allowing users to optimize knowledge base construction and inference Q&A performance by customizing schemas.
    3. Knowledge Exploration

      • Added a knowledge exploration feature to enable visual query and analysis of knowledge base data, and provided an HTTP API for integration with other systems.
    4. Support for Mounting Domain Knowledge in KAG-Builder(Developer Mode)

      • In developer mode, the system supports injecting domain knowledge (domain vocabulary, relationships between terms) into the knowledge base, which can significantly improve knowledge base construction and inference Q&A performance (with a 10%+ improvement in the medical domain).
    5. Adding Knowledge Alignment Component to the KAG-Builder Pipeline

      • Kag-Builder provides a default knowledge alignment component that includes features such as filtering out invalid data and linking similar entities. This optimizes the structure and data quality of the graph.

    ⚙️ User Experience Optimizations

    1. Resumable Tasks

      • Provide resumable capabilities for knowledge base construction tasks at the file level and chunk level in both product mode and developer mode, to reduce the time and token consumption caused by full re-runs after task failures.
    2. User Login & Permission System

      • Implement a user login and permission system to prevent unauthorized access and operations on the knowledge base data.
    3. Optimized Knowledge Base Construction Task Scheduling

      • Provide database-based knowledge base construction task scheduling to avoid task anomalies or interruptions after container restarts.
    4. Support for Configuring Different Models at Different Stages (Developer Mode)

      • The system provides a component management mechanism based on a registry, allowing users to instantiate component objects via configuration files. This supports users in developing and embedding custom components into the KAG-Builder and KAG-Solver workflows. Additionally, it enables the configuration of different-sized models at different stages of the workflow, thereby enhancing the overall reasoning and question-answering performance.
    5. Optimization of Layout Analysis for Markdown, PDF, and Word Files

      • For Markdown, PDF, and Word files, the system prioritizes dividing the content into chunk
  5. v0.5.1Version 0.5.12024-11-22 · 2024-11-22 06:01 UTC
    查看更新说明

    Version 0.5.1 (2024-11-21)

    OpenSPG released version v0.5.1 on November 21, 2024. This version focuses on addressing user feedback and introduces a series of new features and user experience optimizations.


    🌟 New Features

    1. Support for Word Documents

      • Users can now directly upload .doc or .docx files to streamline the knowledge base construction process.
    2. New Project Deletion API

      • Quickly clear and delete projects and related data through an API, compatible with the latest Neo4j image version.
    3. Model Call Concurrency Setting

      • Added the builder.model.execute.num parameter, with a default concurrency of 5, to improve efficiency in large-scale knowledge base construction.
    4. Improved Logging

      • Added a startup success marker in the logs to help users quickly verify if the service is running correctly.

    ⚙️ User Experience Optimizations

    1. Neo4j Memory Overflow Issues
      • Addressed memory overflow problems in Neo4j during large-scale data processing, ensuring stable operation for extensive datasets.
    2. Concurrent Neo4j Query Execution Issues
      • Optimized execution strategies to resolve Graph Data Science (GDS) library conflicts or failures in high-concurrency scenarios.
    3. Schema Preview Prefix Issue
      • Fixed issues where extracted schema preview entities lacked necessary prefixes, ensuring consistency between extracted entities and predefined schemas.
    4. Default Neo4j Password for Project Creation/Modification
      • Automatically fills a secure default password if none is specified during project creation or modification, simplifying the configuration process.
    5. Frontend Bug Fixes
      • Resolved issues with JS dependencies relying on external addresses and embedded all frontend files into the image. Improved the knowledge base management interface for a smoother user experience.
    6. Empty Node/Edge Type in Neo4j Writes
      • Enhanced writing logic to handle empty node or edge types during knowledge graph construction, preventing errors or data loss in such scenarios.

    Version 0.5.1 (2024-11-21)

    OpenSPG 在 2024 年 11 月 21 日发布了 v0.5.1 版本。此版本重点解决了用户反馈的问题,并带来了一系列新功能和用户体验的优化。

    🌟 新增功能

    1. 支持 word 文档的构建

      • 用户现可通过知识库管理页面直接上传 .doc 或 .docx 后缀的文件,进行知识库的构建流程。这一更新使得知识内容的导入更加便捷,提高效率。
    2. 提供项目删除接口

      • 为了帮助用户更高效地管理项目,我们新增了一个项目删除接口。用户可以通过访问 http://127.0.0.1:8887/project/api/delete?projectId=xx 完成项目的快速清空与删除操作。该接口会同步清理项目下的所有schema、知识库任务、知识库问答任务以及关联的 Neo4j 数据库。 Tips:使用此功能前,需确保已将 openspg-neo4j 镜像更新至最新版本
    3. 支持模型调用并发度设置

      • 在大规模知识库构建过程中,为了提高构建效率,我们引入了模型调用的并发控制机制。用户可以通过设置 builder.model.execute.num 参数来调整并发数量,默认值设定为5。这有助于避免因模型服务性能瓶颈而导致的任务失败或系统卡顿。
    4. 日志中添加启动成功标识

      • 为了让用户能够更直观地判断 OpenSPG 服务是否启动成功,我们在日志输出中加入了明确的启动成功标识。openspg-server 成功启动后,会输出这一标识。

    ⚙️ 用户体验优化

    1. 解决大规模数据构建下 Neo4j 调用内存超限问题
      • 针对在处理大规模数据集时出现的 Neo4j 内存溢出问题,我们进行了深入分析并实施了有效的解决方案。现在,面对大规模数据集Neo4j 能保持稳定运行,有效防止了因内存不足而导致的服务中断。
    2. 解决多并发下执行 Neo4j 查询导致的 GDS 加载问题
      • 在多并发场景下执行 Neo4j 查询时,图数据科学 (GDS) 库的加载会出现冲突或失败的情况。为此,我们优化了查询执行策略,确保了在高并发环境下的查询性能和稳定性。
    3. 解决抽取结果 Schema 预览实体无前缀问题
      • 在之前版本中,部分用户反馈在查看抽取结果的 Schema 预览时,实体名称缺少必要的前缀信息导致抽取的实体和预定义的Schema不一致。此次更新修正了这一问题,保证了所有实体名称的完整性和准确性。
    4. 创建修改项目时 Neo4j 无密码时填充默认值
      • 当用户在创建或修改项目时,如果未指定

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    README 原文

    未翻译

    OpenSPG

    中文版文档

    License

    OpenSPG is a knowledge graph engine developed by Ant Group in collaboration with OpenKG, based on the SPG (Semantic-enhanced Programmable Graph) framework, which is a summary of Ant Group's years of experience in constructing and applying diverse domain knowledge graphs in the financial scenarios.

    OpenSPG Architecture

    SPG Background

    SPG (Semantic-enhanced Programmable Graph): semantic-enhanced programmable framework is a set of semantic representation framework based on property graph precipitated by Ant Knowledge Graph platform after years of supporting business in the financial field. It creatively integrates LPG structural and RDF semantic, which overcomes the problem that RDF/OWL semantic complexity cannot be industrially landed, and fully inherits the advantages of LPG structural simplicity and compatibility with big data system. The framework defines and represents knowledge semantics from three aspects. First, SPG explicitly defines the formal representation and programmable framework of "knowledge", so that it can be defined, programmed, understood and processed by machines. Secondly, SPG achieves compatibility and progressive advancement between knowledge levels, supporting the construction of knowledge graphs and the continuous iterative evolution of incomplete data states in industrial-level scenarios. Finally, SPG serves as an effective bridge between big data and AI technology systems, facilitating the efficient transformation of massive data into knowledge-based insights. By doing so, it enhances the value and application potential of the data. With the SPG framework, we can construct and manage graph data more efficiently, and at the same time, we can better support business requirements and application scenarios. Since SPG framework has good scalability and flexibility, new business scenarios can quickly build their domain models and solutions by extending the domain knowledge model and developing new operators.

    For a detailed introduction to SPG, please refer to the 《SPG White Paper》 jointly released by Ant Group and OpenKG.

    OpenSPG

    OpenSPG is an open engine for knowledge graph designed and implemented on the basis of SPG framework, which provides explicit semantic representations, logical rule definitions, operator frameworks (construction, inference) and other capabilities for the domain knowledge graphs, and supports pluggable adaptation of basic engines and algorithmic services by various vendors to build customized solutions.

    OpenSPG Core Capabilities:

    • SPG-Schema semantic modeling
      • Schema framework responsible for semantic enhancement of property graphs, such as subject models, evolutionary models, predicate models, etc.
    • SPG-Builder knowledge construction
      • Supports the construction of both structured and unstructured knowledge.
      • Compatible and articulated with big data architecture, provides a knowledge construction operator framework to realize the conversion from data to knowledge.
      • Abstracts the knowledge processing SDK framework, provides the ability of entity linking, concept standardization and entity normalization operators, combines Natural Language Processing (NLP) and deep learning algorithms, improves the uniqueness level of different instances within a single type. Furthermore, it supports the continuous iterative evolution of the domain knowledge graphs.
    • SPG-Reasoner logical rule reasoning
      • Abstracts KGDSL (Knowledge Graph Domain Specific Language) to provide programmable symbolic representation of logic rules.
      • Supports downstream tasks, such as rule inference, neural/symbolic fusion learning, KG2Prompt linked LLM knowledge extraction/knowledge reasoning, represented in machine-understandable symbolic form.
      • Define dependency and transfer between knowledge through predicate semantics and logic rules, and support modeling and analysis of complex business scenarios.
    • Programmable Framework -- KNext
      • As a programmable framework of knowledge graph, KNext offers a set of extensible, procedural, and user-friendly components;
      • It abstracts the core capabilities of knowledge graphs, congealing them into componentized, framework-oriented, and engine-built-in capabilities;
      • Achieves isolation between the engine and business logic, domain models, facilitating rapid definition of knowledge graph solutions for businesses;
      • Constructs a controllable AI technology stack driven by knowledge, based on the OpenSPG engine, connecting deep learning capabilities such as LLM and GraphLearning.
    • Cloud Adaptation Layer -- Cloudext
      • Business systems build their own characteristic business front-end by interfacing with open SDKs
      • Extensible/adaptable customized graph storage/graph calculation engine
      • Extensible/adaptable machine learning framework suitable for their own business characteristics

    How to use

    Get Started

    Advanced tutorials

    How to contribute

    Cite

    If you use this software, please cite it as below:

    @article{liang2024kag,
      title={KAG: Boosting LLMs in Professional Domains via Knowledge Augmented Generation},
      author={Liang, Lei and Sun, Mengshu and Gui, Zhengke and Zhu, Zhongshu and Jiang, Zhouyu and Zhong, Ling and Zhao, Peilong and Bo, Zhongpu and Yang, Jin and others},
      journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.13731},
      year={2024}
    }
    
    @article{yikgfabric,
      title={KGFabric: A Scalable Knowledge Graph Warehouse for Enterprise Data Interconnection},
      author={Yi, Peng and Liang, Lei and Da Zhang, Yong Chen and Zhu, Jinye and Liu, Xiangyu and Tang, Kun and Chen, Jialin and Lin, Hao and Qiu, Leijie and Zhou, Jun}
    }
    

    License

    Apache License 2.0

    OpenSPG Core Team

    Lei Liang, Mengshu Sun, Zhengke Gui, Zhongshu Zhu, Zhouyu Jiang, Ling Zhong, Peilong Zhao, Zhongpu Bo, Jin Yang, Huaidong Xiong, Lin Yuan, Jun Xu, Zaoyang Wang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Wen Zhang, Huajun Chen, Wenguang Chen, Jun Zhou, Haofen Wang