GenAI4AD

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系统梳理生成式 AI 在自动驾驶全栈中的应用,覆盖感知、决策到仿真与 sim2real,帮研究者快速看清技术版图与关键挑战。

a comprehensive and critical synthesis of the emerging role of GenAI across the full autonomous driving stack

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自动驾驶生成式AI论文与数据集汇总清单,帮工程师快速定位相关资源

系统梳理生成式 AI 在自动驾驶全栈中的应用,覆盖感知、决策到仿真与 sim2real,帮研究者快速看清技术版图与关键挑战。

核心能力

  • 按感知、预测、仿真、语言四类整理数据集
  • 覆盖图像、LiDAR、轨迹、3D占用、视频等生成方法
  • 单列LLM与MLLM驱动的自动驾驶系统章节
  • 以表格列出各数据集的传感器、采样率与标注类型

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这是论文与数据集索引仓库,不含可运行代码,无法直接安装使用;引用前需自行到各数据集官网申请下载,仓库不提供数据

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    README 原文

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    Generative AI for Autonomous Driving

    License arXiv

    We welcome anyone to contribute to this repository. Please raise issues or pull requests for any missing papers, datasets, or methods. We will update the repository regularly.

    Contents

    Datasets

    Single-Vehicle Perception Datasets

    DatasetData SourceSampling RateCamera TypeLiDARRadarHD MapAnnotation Type
    KITTI (2012)Karlsruhe, Germany10 HzStereo (2 cameras)✅3D Bounding Boxes
    Cityscapes (2016)50 German CitiesN/AStereo (2 cameras)2D Segmentation
    ApolloScape (2018)Various Cities in ChinaN/AStereo (2 cameras)✅✅Semantic Segmentation
    Honda H3D (2019)Bay Area, USAN/AFrontal View (1 camera)✅3D Bounding Boxes
    nuScenes (2019)Boston, Pittsburgh, Singapore2 HzSurround View (6 cameras)✅✅3D Bounding Boxes
    Waymo Open Dataset (2019)Multiple US Cities10 HzFrontal/Side (5 cameras)✅✅3D Bounding Boxes
    Argoverse (2019)Miami and Pittsburgh10 HzSurround View✅✅3D Bounding Boxes
    PandaSet (2020)San FranciscoN/ASurround View (7 cameras)✅3D Bounding Boxes, Segmentation
    Audi A2D2 (2020)Various Cities in Germany10 HzSurround View (6 cameras)✅3D Bounding Boxes
    ONCE Dataset (2021)Various Cities in China10 HzSurround View (7 cameras)✅3D Bounding Boxes

    Motion Forecasting and Cooperative Driving Datasets

    DatasetData SourceSampling RateCamera TypeLiDARHD MapAnnotation Type
    HighD (2018)German HighwaysN/ADrone (Bird's-eye View)Agent 2D Bounding Boxes
    INTERACTION (2019)US, China, EU Intersections10 HzDrone and Fixed Cameras✅Agent Trajectories
    PIE (2019)Toronto, Canada30 HzFrontal View (1 camera)Pedestrian Bounding Boxes, Intention Labels
    Argoverse 1 & 2 (2019, 2022)Miami and Pittsburgh10 HzSurround View✅✅Agent Trajectories
    Lyft Level 5 (2020)Palo Alto, USA10 HzSurround View✅✅Agent 3D Bounding Boxes
    rounD (2020)German RoundaboutsN/ADrone (Bird's-eye View)Vehicle 2D Bounding Boxes
    Waymo Open Motion (2021)Multiple US Cities10 HzNoneVehicle, Pedestrian, Cyclist Trajectories
    nuPlan (2021)Multiple US Cities10 HzSurround View✅✅Agent 3D Bounding Boxes
    LOKI (2021)Japan Intersections5 HzVehicle Cameras✅✅3D Bounding Boxes, Intention Labels
    DAIR-V2X (2021)China IntersectionsN/AVehicle and Roadside Cameras✅3D Bounding Boxes
    exiD (2022)German Highway ExitsN/ADrone (Bird's-eye View)Vehicle 2D Bounding Boxes
    V2X-Seq (2023)Urban Intersections10 HzVehicle and Roadside Cameras✅✅3D Agent Bounding Boxes
    V2V4Real (2023)Ohio, USA10 HzSurround View✅3D Bounding Boxes
    UniOcc (2025)Various Cities in US10 HzSurround View✅3D Occupancy Grids

    Simulation Based Datasets

    DatasetData SourceCamera TypeLiDARHD MapSimulation Task
    FRIDA/FRIDA2 (2010–2012)MATLABMonocularFoggy Images
    SYNTHIA (2016)UnityMultiple ViewsRain and Fog Images
    Virtual KITTI (2016 & 2019)KITTI, UnityMonocular/StereoReal2Sim Transfer
    Playing for Benchmarks (2018)GTA-V Game EngineMultiple Views✅Interactive Driving Simulation
    Foggy Cityscapes (2018)CityscapesMonocularFoggy Images
    IDDA (2020)CARLA SimulatorFisheyeSemantic Segmentation
    AIODrive (2021)CARLAMultiple Views✅✅Long Range Point Cloud
    OPV2V (2021)CARLAMultiple Vehicles✅Cooperative Perception
    Shift (2022)CARLAMultiple Views✅✅Weather, Lighting Simulation
    DeepAccident (2023)CARLAMultiple Views✅✅Accident Scene Simulation
    WARM-3D (2024)CARLAMonocular✅Sim2Real Transfer
    SimBEV (2025)CARLAMultiple Views✅BEV Segmentation

    Language-Based Datasets

    DatasetData SourceModalityQA Type# QA Pairs
    BDD-X (2018)Dashcam RecordingsVideos (40s clips)Ego Intention, Scene Description7K
    DRAMA (2023)Japan Driving VideosVideoRisk Object, Ego Intention, Ego Actions, Reasoning170K
    Rank2Tell (2024)US Driving VideosVideoObject Importance, Ego Intention, Ego Actions, Reasoning300K
    LingoQA (2024)Driving Videos (4s clips)VideoScene Description, Recommended Actions, Reasoning419K
    NuScenes-QA (2024)nuScenesSame as nuScenesScene Description460K
    DriveLM (2024)nuScenes, CARLASame as nuScenesMulti-step Reasoning360K
    NuPlanQA (2025) Not Released as of April 2025nuPlanSame as nuPlanPerception, Spatial Reasoning, Ego Intentions1M
    NuInstruct (2024)nuScenesSame as nuScenesInstruction–Response Pairs Across 17 Task Types91K
    doScenes (2024)nuScenesSame as nuScenesFree-Form Driving Instructions and Scene Reference Points4K
    MAPLM (2024)Chinese CitiesImage, LiDARDetailed Map Description (Lanes, Road, Signs)61K
    NuScenes-MQA (2024)nuScenesSame as nuScenesScene Captioning, Visual QA1.5M
    DriveBench (2025)nuScenesSame as DriveLMVisual QA20k

    Methods

    Image Generation Methods

    Controllable Generation

    MethodVenueDatasetModeling TypeBackboneControl Variables
    GeoDiffusionICLR'24nuScenes, COCO-StuffDiffusion, VAEU-NetObject Box, Camera Pose, Text
    DetDiffusionCVPR'24COCO-StuffDiffusion, VAEU-NetObject Box, Perception, Text
    BEVGenIEEE RA-L'24nuScenes, Argoverse 2VQ-VAETransformerBEV Map, Object Box, Text
    BEVControlarXiv'23nuScenesVAECNN, Transformer, CLIPBEV Sketch, Text
    MagicDriveICLR'24nuScenesDiffusion, VAEU-NetRoad Map, Object Box, Camera Pose
    MagicDrive3DarXiv'24nuScenes3DGS, Diffusion, VAEU-NetBEV Map, Object Box, Camera Pose
    Drive-WMCVPR'24Driving DataDiffusion, VAEU-NetMap, Text
    SimGenNeurIPS'24YouTubeDiffusion, SDEditU-NetBEV, Text
    DatasetDMNeurIPS'23-Diffusion, LLM, VAEU-Net, ControlNetText
    DriveGANCVPR'21RWDGAN, VAECNN, LSTM, MLPSteering, Speed, Scene Features
    LightDiffCVPR'24nuScenesVAE, DiffusionU-NetLighting Conditions
    StreetscapesSIGGRAPH'24Google Street ViewDiffusionControlNetRoad Map, Height Map, Camera Pose
    WovogenECCV'24Urban DrivingDiffusion, AutoEncoderCNN, CLIPText, World Volumes, Ego Actions
    HoloDrivearXiv'24nuScenesVAE, DiffusionU-Net, AttentionText, 2D Layout
    WeatherDGarXiv'24CityscapesDiffusion, LLMVAE, U-NetText
    UrbanArchitectarXiv'24nuScenesDiffusion, ControlNetVAEText, 3D Layout

    Decompositional Generation

    MethodVenueDatasetModeling TypeBackboneControl Variables
    ChatSimCVPR'24Waymo Open DatasetLLM, NeRFMLP, Transformer3D Assets
    UrbanGIRAFFEICCV'23KITTI-360, CLEVR-WNeRFMLPCamera Pose, Panoptic Prior
    Sat2SceneCVPR'24HoliCity, OmniCityNeRFMLPSatellite Images, Layout, 3D Constraints
    Block-NeRFCVPR'22Block-NeRF DatasetNeRFMLPSpatial Block Layout, 3D Constraints
    S-NeRFCVPR'23nuScenes, Waymo Open DatasetNeRFMLPCamera Path, 3D Constraints
    NF-LDMCVPR'23VizDoom, Replica, AVDDiffusion, NeRFMLPScene Embedding, 3D Constraints
    Panoptic NeRFIEEE 3DIMPVT'22KITTI 360NeRFMLPSemantic Segmentation, 3D Constraints
    Neural Point Light FieldCVPR'22Waymo Open DatasetNeRFMLPCamera Pose, 3D Constraints
    Neural Scene GraphsCVPR'21KITTINeRFMLPObject Graph Topology, 3D Constraints
    UniSimCVPR'23PandaSetNeRFMLPAgent Profile, 3D Constraints
    CADSimCoRL'23MVMC, PandaSetDifferentiable CAD RenderingMLPCAD Geometry, 3D Constraints

    LiDAR Generation Methods

    MethodVenueDatasetModeling TypeBackboneControl MechanismGeneration Type
    LiDMsCVPR'24nuScenes, KITTI-360DiffusionCNN, U-NetMulti-modal conditionsScene Generation
    RangeLDMECCV'24KITTI-360, nuScenesDiffusion, VAECNN, U-NetPartial Point CloudScene Completion, Generation
    LidarDMICRA'25KITTI-360, WODDiffusion, VAECNNSemantic MapLiDAR Simulation & Raycasting
    DynamicCityICLR'25Occ3D, CarlaSCDiffusion, VAETransformer, CNNLayout, Trajectory, Text, Inpainting4D Occupancy Scene Generation
    GenMMarXiv'24BDD100K, WODDiffusionU-Net, Transformer3D Bounding Boxes, Reference ImageObject-Level Manipulation
    Text2LiDARECCV'24KITTI-360, nuScenesDiffusionTransformerTextFull Scene Generation
    UltraLiDARCVPR'23PandaSet, KITTIVQ-VAETransformerSparse Point CloudScene Completion, Generation
    LidarGRITCVPR-W'24KITTI-360, KITTI odometryVQ-VAETransformerUnconditionalScene Generation
    NeRF-LiDARCVPR'24nuScenesNeRFU-Net, MLPCamera Poses, Multi-view ImagesLiDAR Simulation
    LiDAR4DCVPR'24KITTI, nuScenesNeRFU-Net, MLPCamera Poses, Multi-view LiDAR Point CloudLiDAR Simulation
    DyNFLCVPR'24WODNeural SDFMLPLiDAR Scans, 3D Bounding BoxesLiDAR Simulation
    LiDARsimCVPR'20LiDARsim DatasetPhysics-based RaycastingRaycasting Engine, U-Net3D backgrounds, Dynamic Object MeshesLiDAR Simulation
    PCGenICRA'23WODFPA RaycastingRaycasting Engine, MLPReconstructed ScenarioLiDAR Simulation
    LiDARGENECCV'22KITTI-360, nuScenesScore-BasedU-NetSparse Point CloudScene Generation
    Yue et al.ACM'18KITTIPhysics-based RaycastingRaycasting EnginePre-defined In-game Scene ParametersLiDAR Simulation

    Trajectory Generation Methods

    MethodVenueDatasetModeling TypeBackbone
    Kim et al.IEEE Access'21Real-world DrivingCVAEDeepConvLSTM
    Barbié et al.JRM'19SyntheticCVAERNN
    CGNSIROS'19ETH/UCY, SDDGANCNN
    EvolveGraphNeurIPS'20ETH/UCY, SDD, H3DAutoregressiveGNN
    STG-DATT-ITS'21ETH/UCY, SDDCVAEGNN
    PathGANETRI'21iSUNGANCNN
    MIDCVPR'22ETH/UCY, Stanford DroneDiffusionTransformer
    LEDCVPR'23ETH/UCYDiffusionLeapfrog
    SingularTrajectoryCVPR'24Multiple BenchmarksDiffusionSVD
    Diffusion-PlannerICLR'25nuPlanDiffusionTransformer
    GPT-DriverNeurIPS'23nuScenesLLMTransformer
    DriveLMECCV'24nuScenesVLMTransformer
    LMDriveCVPR'24CARLALLMTransformer
    OpenEMMAWACV'25nuScenesVLMTransformer
    DesireCVPR'17KITTI, Stanford DroneCVAERNN
    TrajectronICCV'19ETH/UCYCVAEGraph RNN
    Trajectron++ECCV'20ETH/UCY, nuScenesCVAEConstrained Graph RNN
    Social GANCVPR'18ETH/UCYGANRNN
    SoPhieCVPR'19ETH/UCYGANCross Attention
    Social-BiGATNeurIPS'19ETH/UCYBicycle-GANGraph Attention Network
    MotionDiffuserCVPR'23WOMDDiffusionTransformer
    SDTOpenReview'24AV2DiffusionTransformer
    Westny et al.arXiv'24rounD, highDDiffusionGNN
    LMTrajectoryCVPR'24ETH/UCYLLMTransformer
    TrafficSimCVPR'21ATG4D (private)CVAEGNN
    TrafficBotsICRA'23WOMDCVAEMLP
    DJINNNeurIPS'23INTERACTIONDiffusionTransformer
    Scenario DiffusionNeurIPS'23AV2DiffusionUNet
    BehaviorGPTNeurIPS'25WOMDAutoregressiveTransformer
    FSDriveNeurIPS'25nuScenesAutoregressive,LLM,VLATransformer

    3D Occupancy Generation Methods

    MethodVenue+YearDatasetModeling TypeBackboneControl MechanismGeneration TypeCode
    UrbanDiffusionarXiv'24nuScenes via Occ3DVQ-VAEDiffusionBEV LayoutStatic SceneNot Released
    DOMEarXiv'24nuScenes via Occ3DVAEDiTEgo TrajectoryScene and Agent OnlyNot Released
    OccWorldECCV'24nuScenes via Occ3DVQ-VAETransformerPast OccupancyScene and AgentGitHub
    OccSORA [Redacted]arXiv'24nuScenes via Occ3DVQ-VAEDiTEgo Trajectory, Past OccupancyScene and AgentGitHub*
    OccLLaMAarXiv'24nuScenes via Occ3DVQ-VAELLaMALanguageScene and AgentNot Released
    UnOCVPR'24nuScenes, Argoverse2Not SpecifiedTransformerPast OccupancySemantic LiDARNot Released
    DynamicCityICLR'25CARLAVAEDiTEgo TrajectoryScene and AgentGitHub

    Video-based Scene Generation Methods

    Note:
    For the "Condition" column:
    I = Image, T = Text, E = BEV, B = Bounding Boxes/Layout,
    D = Depth, C = Camera, M = Maps, A = Driver Action,
    O = Optical Flow, J = Trajectory, S = Subject, H = High-level instructions (Command, Goal Point).
    Conditions in brackets are optional.

    MethodYearModelingBackboneFramesFPSConditionClosed-loopLLMsCode
    PanaceaCVPR'24DiffusionControlNet82ITEBDCMGithub
    DelphiCoRR'24DiffusionU-Net402TEBC✅N/A
    DriveDreamerECCV'24DiffusionU-Net, Transformer3212ITMBAGithub
    DriveDreamer-2ArXiv'24DiffusionU-Net84T(ECI)✅Github
    DriveScapeArXiv'24DiffusionU-Net302-10IMEBN/A
    DriveArenaCoRR'24Diffusion, ARU-NetN/A12TBCM✅Github
    DriveGenArXiv'24DiffusionU-Net--ITBGithub
    DrivingDiffusionECCV'24DiffusionU-Net--ITBOGithub
    VistaCoRR'24Diffusion, ARU-Net2510I(AHJ)Github
    SubjectDriveCoRR'24DiffusionControlNet82ITSBN/A
    GenADCVPR'24DiffusionTransformer82ITAJ✅N/A
    DrivingWorldArXiv'24ARTransformer, GPT40010IJ✅Github
    Doe-1ArXiv'24N/AN/A-2ITJ✅✅Github
    ChatSimCVPR'24AgentN/A4010IT✅Github
    ProphetDWMArXiv'25DiffusionU-Net104ITAN/A
    LongDWM*ArXiv'25DiffusionTransformer1310ITJGithub

    *: Not released as of June.2025.

    3D/4D Generation Methods

    Note:
    In the "Condition" column:
    M = Maps, I = Images/Videos, B = 3D Bounding Boxes/Layout, J = Trajectory, T = Text, O = Opacity, C = Camera, A = Driving Action.
    * means not presented in the original paper but supported later.
    \dagger means reconstruction models with a generative prior.

    MethodVenueTaskModeling TypeBackboneConditionOutputCode
    InfiniCubeArXiv'244D Gen.3DGS, DiT3D U-Net, ControlNetMBJTVideo, 3DGSN/A
    WoVoGenECCV'244D Gen.Diffusion3D U-Net, TransformerMOTAVideoGithub
    DriveXArXiv'244D Gen.DiffusionU-NetMOTAVideo, 3DGSGithub
    ChatSimCVPR'244D Gen.NeRF, 3DGS*TransformerITVideoGithub
    MagicDrive3DCORR'244D Gen.3DGSMLPTEBJVideo, 3DGSGithub
    DreamDriveArXiv'244D Gen.3DGS, DiffusionMLPIJVideo, 3DGSN/A
    OmniReICLR'254D Rec.3DGS, GraphN/AI(CD)3DGS, SMPLGithub
    4DGFNeurIPS'244D Rec.3DGS, GraphN/AIC(D)3DGSGithub
    StreetGaussianECCV'244D Rec.3DGSN/AICD3DGSGithub
    DrivingGaussianCVPR'244D Rec.3DGSN/A, GraphICD3DGSN/A
    SGDCORR'244D Rec.\dagger3DGSU-Net, ControlNetITCD3DGSN/A
    EmerNeRFICLR'244D Rec.NeRFMLPICDNeRFGithub
    VastGaussianCVPR'243D Rec.3DGSCNNIC3DGSN/A
    CityGaussianECCV'243D Rec.3DGSN/AIC3DGSGithub
    DNMPICCV'233D Rec.Voxel, MeshMLPICDVoxel, MeshGithub
    S-NeRFICLR'233D Rec.NeRFMLPICDNeRFGithub
    BlockNeRFCVPR'223D Rec.NeRFMLPICNeRFN/A
    UrbanNeRFCVPR'223D Rec.NeRFMLPICDNeRFN/A
    Julian et al.CVPR'214D Rec.NeRF, GraphMLPICNeRFGithub
    STORMICLR'254D Rec.3DGSTransformerIC3DGSGithub

    3D Scene Editing Methods

    Here we note their supported operations and output format.

    MethodModeling TypeInsertionRemovalManipulationCameraLiDARCode
    UniSimNeRF✔️✔️✔️✔️✔️N/A
    DrivingGaussian3DGS✔️✔️Github
    StreetGaussian3DGS✔️✔️✔️✔️N/A
    Generative LiDARGenerative Inpainting✔️✔️✔️✔️✔️N/A
    DriveEditorSAM, Video Diffusion✔️✔️✔️✔️N/A

    LLM-based Autonomous Driving Systems

    In the condition column, QA stands for question answering, DM for decision making, ED for environment description, SU for scene understanding, and DC for driving context.

    MethodVenueInteractionTaskScenarioBackboneStrategyInputOutputCode
    DiluArXiv'23PromptingQADMGPT-4ReActEDActionGithub
    Drive-Like-A-HumanWACV'24PromptingQADMGPT-3.5ReActEDActionGithub
    Driving-with-LLMsICRA'24Fine-tuningQASULLaMA-7bNoneQuestionAnswerGithub
    LaMPilotCVPR'24PromptingQASUGeneral LLMsPoTInstruction, DCCodeGithub
    LLaDACVPR'24PromptingQADMGPT-4CoTIntended CommandActionGithub
    GPT-driverNeurIPS'23Fine-tuningPlanningE2EGPT-3.5CoTInstruction, DCObject, Action, TrajectoryGithub
    Talk2DriveITSC'24PromptingPlanningE2EGPT-4CoTInstruction, DCExecutable ControlsGithub
    Agent-DriverCOLM'24PromptingPlanningE2EGPT-3.5ReActObservationObject, Action, TrajectoryGithub

    MLLM-based Autonomous Driving Systems

    In the condition column, VQA stands for visual question answering, SU for scene understanding, DS for driving scene, MVF for multi-view frame, and TC for transportation context.

    MethodVenueInteractionTaskScenarioBackboneStrategyInputOutputCode
    HiLM-DArXiv'23PromptingVQASUMiniGPT-4NoneQuestion, DS (Video)AnswerN/A
    DriveLMECCV'24Fine-tuningVQASUBLIP-2CoTQuestion, DS (Image)AnswerGithub
    DolphinsECCV'24Fine-tuningVQASUOpenFlamingoCoTQuestion, DS (Video)AnswerGithub
    EM-VLM4ADCVPR'24Fine-tuningVQASUT5/T5-LargeNoneQuestion, DS (MVF)AnswerGithub
    LLM-Augmented-MTRIROS'24PromptingVQASUGPT-4VCoTInstruction, TC-MapContext UnderstandingGithub
    LMDriveCVPR'24Fine-tuningPlanningE2ELLaVA-v1.5CoTInstruction, DS (MVF), LiDARControl SignalGithub
    LeGo-DriveIROS'24Fine-tuningPlanningE2ECLIPNoneInstruction, DS (Image)TrajectoryGithub
    RAG-DriverArXiv'24Fine-tuningPlanningE2EViT-B/32, Vicuna-1.5RAGInstruction, DS (Video)Action, TrajectoryGithub
    DriveVLMCoRL'24Fine-tuningPlanningE2EQwen-VCoTInstruction, DS (Video)Action, TrajectoryN/A
    EMMAArXiv'24Fine-tuningPlanningE2EGemini 1.0 Nano-1CoTInstruction, DS (MVF)Object, Action, TrajectoryN/A
    OpenEMMAWACV'25PromptingPlanningE2EGeneral MLLMsCoTInstruction, DS (Image)Object, Action, TrajectoryGithub
    FSDriveNeurIPS'25Fine-tuningPlanningE2EQwen2-VL 2BVisual CoTInstruction, DS (MVF)Future Frame,TrajectoryGithub

    Citation

    If you find this repository useful for your research, please consider citing the following paper:

    @article{wang2025generative,
        title={Generative AI for Autonomous Driving: Frontiers and Opportunities},
        author={Yuping Wang and Shuo Xing and Cui Can and Renjie Li and Hongyuan Hua and Kexin Tian and Zhaobin Mo and Xiangbo Gao and Keshu Wu and Sulong Zhou and Hengxu You and Juntong Peng and Junge Zhang and Zehao Wang and Rui Song and Mingxuan Yan and Walter Zimmer and Xingcheng Zhou and Peiran Li and Zhaohan Lu and Chia-Ju Chen and Yue Huang and Ryan A. Rossi and Lichao Sun and Hongkai Yu and Zhiwen Fan and Frank Hao Yang and Yuhao Kang and Ross Greer and Chenxi Liu and Eun Hak Lee and Xuan Di and Xinyue Ye and Liu Ren and Alois Knoll and Xiaopeng Li and Shuiwang Ji and Masayoshi Tomizuka and Marco Pavone and Tianbao Yang and Jing Du and Ming-Hsuan Yang and Hua Wei and Ziran Wang and Yang Zhou and Jiachen Li and Zhengzhong Tu},
        year={2025},
        eprint={2505.08854},
        archivePrefix={arXiv},
        primaryClass={cs.CV}
    }