annotateai

---

annotateai automatically annotates papers using Large Language Models (LLMs). While LLMs can summarize papers, search papers and build generative text about papers, this project focuses on providing human readers with context as they read.

Architecture

A one-line call does the following:

• Reads the paper
• Finds the title and important key concepts
• Goes through each page and finds sections that best emphasis the key concepts
• Reads the section and builds a concise short topic
• Annotates the paper and highlights those sections

Installation

The easiest way to install is via pip and PyPI

pip install annotateai

Python 3.10+ is supported. Using a Python virtual environment is recommended.

annotateai can also be installed directly from GitHub to access the latest, unreleased features.

pip install git+https://github.com/neuml/annotateai

Examples

annotateai can annotate any PDF but it works especially well for medical and scientific papers. The following shows a series of examples using papers from arXiv.

This project also works well with papers from PubMed, bioRxiv and medRxiv!

Setup

The primary input parameter is the path to the LLM. This project is backed by txtai and it supports any txtai-supported LLM.

from annotateai import Annotate

# Lightweight but powerful default model
annotate = Annotate("Qwen/Qwen3-4B-Instruct-2507")

# Gemma 4
annotate = Annotate("google/gemma-4-E4B-it")

# llama.cpp version of the above model
# Run pip install llama-cpp-python to enable
annotate = Annotate(
  "unsloth/gemma-4-E2B-it-GGUF/gemma-4-E2B-it-Q4_K_M.gguf"
)

Annotate paper "Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks"

This paper proposed RAG before most of us knew we needed it.

annotate("https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.11401")

Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.11401

Annotate paper "HunyuanVideo: A Systematic Framework For Large Video Generative Models"

This paper builds the largest open-source video generation model as of Dec 2024.

annotate("https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.03603v2")

Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.03603v2

Annotate paper "OpenDebateEvidence: A Massive-Scale Argument Mining and Summarization Dataset"

This paper was presented at the 38th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2024) Track on Datasets and Benchmarks.

annotate("https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.14657")

Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.14657

LLM APIs and llama.cpp

As mentioned earlier, this project supports any txtai-supported LLM. Some examples below.

pip install txtai[pipeline-llm]

# LLM API services
annotate = Annotate("gpt-5.5")
annotate = Annotate("claude-opus-4-6-20260205")
annotate = Annotate("gemini/gemini-3-pro-preview")

# Ollama endpoint
annotate = Annotate("ollama/gemma4")

# llama.cpp GGUF from Hugging Face Hub
annotate = Annotate(
  "unsloth/gemma-4-E4B-it-GGUF/gemma-4-E4B-it-Q4_K_M.gguf"
)

Additional parameters

The default mode for an annotate instance is to automatically generate the key concepts to search for. But these concepts can be provided via the keywords parameter.

annotate("https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.11401", keywords=["hallucinations", "llm"])

This is useful for situations where we have a large batch of papers and we want it to identify a specific set of concepts to help with a review.

The progress bar can be disabled as follows:

annotate("https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.11401", progress=False)

Docker Web Application

neuml/annotateai is a web application available on Docker Hub.

This can be run with the default settings as follows.

docker run -d --gpus=all -it -p 8501:8501 neuml/annotateai

The LLM can also be set via ENV parameters.

docker run -d --gpus=all -it -p 8501:8501 -e LLM=unsloth/gemma-4-E4B-it-GGUF/gemma-4-E4B-it-Q4_K_M.gguf -e MAXLENGTH=10000 -e n_ctx=4096 neuml/annotateai

The code for this application can be found in the app folder.

Further Reading

• Introducing AnnotateAI