tensorflow-onnx

tf2onnx - Convert TensorFlow, Keras, Tensorflow.js and Tflite models to ONNX.

tf2onnx converts TensorFlow (tf-2.x), keras, tensorflow.js and tflite models to ONNX via command line or python api.

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🛠 Maintainer Wanted

We are currently looking for a new maintainer to help support and evolve the tf2onnx project.

If you're passionate about the ONNX standard or contributing to the open source machine learning ecosystem, we'd love to hear from you! This is a great opportunity to contribute to a widely used project and collaborate with the ONNX community.

To express interest: Please open an issue or comment on this thread and let us know about your interest and background.

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Note: tensorflow.js support is experimental. While we tested it with many tfjs models from tfhub, not all models may convert correctly.

TensorFlow has many more ops than ONNX and occasionally mapping a model to ONNX creates issues.

You find a list of supported TensorFlow ops and their mapping to ONNX here.

The common issues we run into we try to document here Troubleshooting Guide.

Build Type	OS	Python	TensorFlow	ONNX opset
Unit Test - Basic	Linux, Windows	3.10-3.12	2.13-2.15	14-18
Unit Test - Full	Linux, Windows	3.10-3.12	2.13-2.15	14-18

Supported Versions

ONNX

tf2onnx will use the ONNX version installed on your system and installs the latest ONNX version if none is found.

We support and test ONNX opset-14 to opset-18. opset-6 to opset-13 should work but we don't test them. By default we use opset-15 for the resulting ONNX graph.

If you want the graph to be generated with a specific opset, use --opset in the command line, for example --opset 15.

TensorFlow

We support tf-2.x. To keep our test matrix manageable we test tf2onnx running on top of tf-2.13 or better.

Python

We support Python 3.10-3.12.

Prerequisites

Install TensorFlow

If you don't have TensorFlow installed already, install the desired TensorFlow build, for example:

pip install tensorflow

(Optional) Install runtime

If you want to run tests, install a runtime that can run ONNX models. For example:

ONNX Runtime (available for Linux, Windows, and Mac):

pip install onnxruntime

Installation

Install from pypi

pip install -U tf2onnx

Install latest from github

pip install git+https://github.com/onnx/tensorflow-onnx

Build and install latest from source (for development)

git clone https://github.com/onnx/tensorflow-onnx

Once dependencies are installed, from the tensorflow-onnx folder call:

python setup.py install

or

python setup.py develop

tensorflow-onnx requires onnx-1.9 or better and will install/upgrade onnx if needed.

To create a wheel for distribution:

python setup.py bdist_wheel

Getting started

To get started with tensorflow-onnx, run the tf2onnx.convert command, providing:

• the path to your TensorFlow model (where the model is in saved model format)
• a name for the ONNX output file:

python -m tf2onnx.convert --saved-model tensorflow-model-path --output model.onnx

The above command uses a default of 15 for the ONNX opset. If you need a newer opset, or want to limit your model to use an older opset then you can provide the --opset argument to the command. If you are unsure about which opset to use, refer to the ONNX operator documentation.

python -m tf2onnx.convert --saved-model tensorflow-model-path --opset 18 --output model.onnx

If your TensorFlow model is in a format other than saved model, then you need to provide the inputs and outputs of the model graph.

For checkpoint format:

python -m tf2onnx.convert --checkpoint tensorflow-model-meta-file-path --output model.onnx --inputs input0:0,input1:0 --outputs output0:0

For graphdef format:

python -m tf2onnx.convert --graphdef tensorflow-model-graphdef-file --output model.onnx --inputs input0:0,input1:0 --outputs output0:0

If your model is in checkpoint or graphdef format and you do not know the input and output nodes of the model, you can use the summarize_graph TensorFlow utility. The summarize_graph tool does need to be downloaded and built from source. If you have the option of going to your model provider and obtaining the model in saved model format, then we recommend doing so.

You find an end-to-end tutorial for ssd-mobilenet here

We recently added support for tflite. You convert tflite models via command line, for example:

python -m tf2onnx.convert --opset 16 --tflite tflite-file --output model.onnx

CLI reference

python -m tf2onnx.convert
    --saved-model SOURCE_SAVED_MODEL_PATH |
    --checkpoint SOURCE_CHECKPOINT_METAFILE_PATH |
    --tflite TFLITE_MODEL_PATH |
    --tfjs TFJS_MODEL_PATH | 
    --input | --graphdef SOURCE_GRAPHDEF_PB
    --output TARGET_ONNX_MODEL
    [--inputs GRAPH_INPUTS]
    [--outputs GRAPH_OUTPUS]
    [--inputs-as-nchw inputs_provided_as_nchw]
    [--outputs-as-nchw outputs_provided_as_nchw]
    [--opset OPSET]
    [--dequantize]
    [--tag TAG]
    [--signature_def SIGNATURE_DEF]
    [--concrete_function CONCRETE_FUNCTION]
    [--target TARGET]
    [--extra_opset list-of-extra-opset]
    [--custom-ops list-of-custom-ops]
    [--load_op_libraries tensorflow_library_path]
    [--large_model]
    [--continue_on_error]
    [--verbose]
    [--output_frozen_graph]

Parameters

--saved-model

TensorFlow model as saved_model. We expect the path to the saved_model directory.

--checkpoint

TensorFlow model as checkpoint. We expect the path to the .meta file.

--input or --graphdef

TensorFlow model as graphdef file.

--tfjs

Convert a tensorflow.js model by providing a path to the .tfjs file. Inputs/outputs do not need to be specified.

--tflite

Convert a tflite model by providing a path to the .tflite file. Inputs/outputs do not need to be specified.

--output

The target onnx file path.

--inputs, --outputs

TensorFlow model's input/output names, which can be found with summarize graph tool. Those names typically end with :0, for example --inputs input0:0,input1:0. Inputs and outputs are not needed for models in saved-model format. Some models specify placeholders with unknown ranks and dims which can not be mapped to onnx. In those cases one can add the shape after the input name inside [], for example --inputs X:0[1,28,28,3]. Use -1 to indicate unknown dimensions.

--inputs-as-nchw

By default we preserve the image format of inputs (nchw or nhwc) as given in the TensorFlow model. If your hosts (for example windows) native format nchw and the model is written for nhwc, --inputs-as-nchw tensorflow-onnx will transpose the input. Doing so is convenient for the application and the converter in many cases can optimize the transpose away. For example --inputs input0:0,input1:0 --inputs-as-nchw input0:0 assumes that images are passed into input0:0 as nchw while the TensorFlow model given uses nhwc.

--outputs-as-nchw

Similar usage with --inputs-as-nchw. By default we preserve the format of outputs (nchw or nhwc) as shown in the TensorFlow model. If your hosts native format nchw and the model is written for nhwc, --outputs-as-nchw tensorflow-onnx will transpose the output and optimize the transpose away. For example --outputs output0:0,output1:0 --outputs-as-nchw output0:0 will change the output0:0 as nchw while the TensorFlow model given uses nhwc.

--ignore_default, --use_default

ONNX requires default values for graph inputs to be constant, while Tensorflow's PlaceholderWithDefault op accepts computed defaults. To convert such models, pass a comma-separated list of node names to the ignore_default and/or use_default flags. PlaceholderWithDefault nodes with matching names will be replaced with Placeholder or Identity ops, respectively.

--opset

By default we use the opset 15 to generate the graph. By specifying --opset the user can override the default to generate a graph with the desired opset. For example --opset 17 would create a onnx graph that uses only ops available in opset 17. Because older opsets have in most cases fewer ops, some models might not convert on an older opset.

--dequantize

(This is experimental, only supported for tflite)

Produces a float32 model from a quantized tflite model. Detects ReLU and ReLU6 ops from quantization bounds.

--tag

Only valid with parameter --saved_model. Specifies the tag in the saved_model to be used. Typical value is 'serve'.

--signature_def

Only valid with parameter --saved_model. Specifies which signature to use within the specified --tag value. Typical value is 'serving_default'.

--concrete_function

(This is experimental, valid only for TF2.x models)

Only valid with parameter --saved_model. If a model contains a list of concrete functions, under the function name __call__ (as can be viewed using the command saved_model_cli show --all), this parameter is a 0-based integer specifying which function in that list should be converted. This parameter takes priority over --signature_def, which will be ignored.

--target

Some models require special handling to run on some runtimes. In particular, the model may use unsupported data types. Workarounds are activated with --target TARGET. Currently supported values are listed on this wiki. If your model will be run on Windows ML, you should specify the appropriate target value.

--extra_opset

If you want to convert a TF model using an existing custom op, this can specify the correspongding domain and version. The format is a comma-separated map of domain and version, for example: ai.onnx.contrib:1.

--custom-ops

If a model contains ops not recognized by onnx runtime, you can tag these ops with a custom op domain so that the runtime can still open the model. The format is a comma-separated map of tf op names to domains in the format OpName:domain. If only an op name is provided (no colon), the default domain of ai.onnx.converters.tensorflow will be used.

--load_op_libraries

Load the comma-separated list of tensorflow plugin/op libraries before conversion.

--large_model

(Can be used only for TF2.x models)

Only valid with parameter --saved_model. When set, creates a zip file containing the ONNX protobuf model and large tensor values stored externally. This allows for converting models whose size exceeds the 2 GB.

--continue_on_error

Continue to run conversion on error, ignore graph cycles so it can report all missing ops and errors.

--verbose

Verbose detailed output for diagnostic purposes.

--output_frozen_graph

Save the frozen and optimized tensorflow graph to a file for debug.

Tool to get Graph Inputs & Outputs

To find the inputs and outputs for the TensorFlow graph the model developer will know or you can consult TensorFlow's summarize_graph tool, for example:

summarize_graph --in_graph=tests/models/fc-layers/frozen.pb

Testing

There are 2 types of tests.

Unit test

python setup.py test

Validate pre-trained TensorFlow models

python tests/run_pretrained_models.py
usage: run_pretrained_models.py [-h] [--cache CACHE] [--tests TESTS] [--backend BACKEND] [--verbose] [--debug] [--config yaml-config]

optional arguments:
  -h, --help         show this help message and exit
  --cache CACHE      pre-trained models cache dir
  --tests TESTS      tests to run
  --backend BACKEND  backend to use
  --config           yaml config file
  --verbose          verbose output, option is additive
  --opset OPSET      target opset to use
  --perf csv-file    capture performance numbers for tensorflow and onnx runtime
  --debug            dump generated graph with shape info

run_pretrained_models.py will run the TensorFlow model, captures the TensorFlow output and runs the same test against the specified ONNX backend after converting the model.

If the option --perf csv-file is specified, we'll capture the timing for inference of tensorflow and onnx runtime and write the result into the given csv file.

You call it for example with:

python tests/run_pretrained_models.py --backend onnxruntime --config tests/run_pretrained_models.yaml --perf perf.csv

Tool to save pre-trained model

We provide an utility to save pre-trained model along with its config. Put save_pretrained_model(sess, outputs, feed_inputs, save_dir, model_name) in your last testing epoch and the pre-trained model and config will be saved under save_dir/to_onnx. Please refer to the example in tools/save_pretrained_model.py for more information. Note the minimum required Tensorflow version is r1.6.

Python API Reference

With tf2onnx-1.8.4 we updated our API. Our old API still works - you find the documentation here.

from_keras (tf-2.0 and newer)

import tf2onnx

model_proto, external_tensor_storage = tf2onnx.convert.from_keras(model,
                input_signature=None, opset=None, custom_ops=None,
                custom_op_handlers=None, custom_rewriter=None,
                inputs_as_nchw=None, outputs_as_nchw=None, extra_opset=None,
                shape_override=None, target=None, large_model=False, output_path=None)

    Args:
        model: the tf.keras model we want to convert
        input_signature: a list or tuple of tf.TensorSpec objects defining the shape/dtype
            of each input, or None to infer it from model.inputs
        opset: the opset to be used for the ONNX model, default is the latest
        custom_ops: if a model contains ops not recognized by onnx runtime,
            you can tag these ops with a custom op domain so that the
            runtime can still open the model. Type is a dictionary `{op name: domain}`.
        target: list of workarounds applied to help certain platforms
        custom_op_handlers: dictionary of custom ops handlers
        custom_rewriter: list of custom graph rewriters
        extra_opset: list of extra opset's, for example the opset's used by custom ops
        shape_override: dict with inputs that override the shapes given by tensorflow
        inputs_as_nchw: transpose inputs in list from nhwc to nchw
        outputs_as_nchw: transpose outputs in list from nhwc to nchw
        large_model: use the ONNX external tensor storage format
        output_path: save model to output_path

    Returns:
        An ONNX model_proto and an external_tensor_storage dict.

See tutorials/keras-resnet50.ipynb for an end to end example.

from_function (tf-2.0 and newer)

import tf2onnx

model_proto, external_tensor_storage = tf2onnx.convert.from_function(function,
                input_signature=None, opset=None, custom_ops=None,
                custom_op_handlers=None, custom_rewriter=None, inputs_as_nchw=None,
                outputs_as_nchw=None, extra_opset=None, shape_override=None,
                target=None, large_model=False, output_path=None)

    Args:
        function: the tf.function we want to convert
        input_signature: a list or tuple of tf.TensorSpec objects defining the shape/dtype
            of each input
        opset: the opset to be used for the ONNX model, default is the latest
        custom_ops: if a model contains ops not recognized by onnx runtime,
            you can tag these ops with a custom op domain so that the
            runtime can still open the model. Type is a dictionary `{op name: domain}`.
        target: list of workarounds applied to help certain platforms
        custom_op_handlers: dictionary of custom ops handlers
        custom_rewriter: list of custom graph rewriters
        extra_opset: list of extra opset's, for example the opset's used by custom ops
        shape_override: dict with inputs that override the shapes given by tensorflow
        inputs_as_nchw: transpose inputs in list from nhwc to nchw
        outputs_as_nchw: transpose outputs in list from nhwc to nchw
        large_model: use the ONNX external tensor storage format
        output_path: save model to output_path

    Returns:
        An ONNX model_proto and an external_tensor_storage dict.

from_graph_def

import tf2onnx

model_proto, external_tensor_storage = tf2onnx.convert.from_graph_def(graph_def,
                name=None, input_names=None, output_names=None, opset=None,
                custom_ops=None, custom_op_handlers=None, custom_rewriter=None, 
                inputs_as_nchw=None, outputs_as_nchw=None, extra_opset=None,
                shape_override=None, target=None, large_model=False,
                output_path=None)

    Args:
        graph_def: the graph_def we want to convert
        input_names: list of input names
        output_names: list of output names
        name: A name for the graph
        opset: the opset to be used for the ONNX model, default is the latest
        target: list of workarounds applied to help certain platforms
        custom_op_handlers: dictionary of custom ops handlers
        custom_rewriter: list of custom graph rewriters
        extra_opset: list of extra opset's, for example the opset's used by custom ops
        shape_override: dict with inputs that override the shapes given by tensorflow
        inputs_as_nchw: transpose inputs in list from nhwc to nchw
        outputs_as_nchw: transpose outputs in list from nhwc to nchw
        large_model: use the ONNX external tensor storage format
        output_path: save model to output_path

    Returns:
        An ONNX model_proto and an external_tensor_storage dict.

from_tflite

import tf2onnx

model_proto, external_tensor_storage = tf2onnx.convert.from_tflite(tflite_path,
                input_names=None, output_names=None, opset=None, custom_ops=None, custom_op_handlers=None,
                custom_rewriter=None, inputs_as_nchw=None, outputs_as_nchw=None, extra_opset=None,
                shape_override=None, target=None, large_model=False, output_path=None):

    Args:
        tflite_path: the tflite model file full path
        input_names: list of input names
        output_names: list of output names
        opset: the opset to be used for the ONNX model, default is the latest
        custom_ops: if a model contains ops not recognized by onnx runtime,
            you can tag these ops with a custom op domain so that the
            runtime can still open the model. Type is a dictionary `{op name: domain}`.
        custom_op_handlers: dictionary of custom ops handlers
        custom_rewriter: list of custom graph rewriters
        inputs_as_nchw: transpose inputs in list from nhwc to nchw
        outputs_as_nchw: transpose outputs in list from nhwc to nchw
        extra_opset: list of extra opset's, for example the opset's used by custom ops
        shape_override: dict with inputs that override the shapes given by tensorflow
        target: list of workarounds applied to help certain platforms
        large_model: use the ONNX external tensor storage format
        output_path: save model to output_path

    Returns:
        An ONNX model_proto and an external_tensor_storage dict.

Creating custom op mappings from python

For complex custom ops that require graph rewrites or input / attribute rewrites using the python interface to insert a custom op will be the easiest way to accomplish the task. A dictionary of name->custom_op_handler can be passed to tf2onnx.tfonnx.process_tf_graph. If the op name is found in the graph the handler will have access to all internal structures and can rewrite that is needed. For example examples/custom_op_via_python.py:

import tensorflow as tf
import tf2onnx
from onnx import helper

_TENSORFLOW_DOMAIN = "ai.onnx.converters.tensorflow"


def print_handler(ctx, node, name, args):
    # replace tf.Print() with Identity
    #   T output = Print(T input, data, @list(type) U, @string message, @int first_n, @int summarize)
    # becomes:
    #   T output = Identity(T Input)
    node.domain = _TENSORFLOW_DOMAIN
    del node.input[1:]
    return node


with tf.Session() as sess:
    x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [2, 3], name="input")
    x_ = tf.add(x, x)
    x_ = tf.Print(x, [x], "hello")
    _ = tf.identity(x_, name="output")
    onnx_graph = tf2onnx.tfonnx.process_tf_graph(sess.graph,
                                                 custom_op_handlers={"Print": (print_handler, ["Identity", "mode"])},
                                                 extra_opset=[helper.make_opsetid(_TENSORFLOW_DOMAIN, 1)],
                                                 input_names=["input:0"],
                                                 output_names=["output:0"])
    model_proto = onnx_graph.make_model("test")
    with open("/tmp/model.onnx", "wb") as f:
        f.write(model_proto.SerializeToString())

How tf2onnx works

The converter needs to take care of a few things:

1. Convert the protobuf format. Since the format is similar this step is straight forward.
2. TensorFlow types need to be mapped to their ONNX equivalent.
3. For many ops TensorFlow passes parameters like shapes as inputs where ONNX wants to see them as attributes. Since we use a frozen graph, the converter will fetch the input as constant, converts it to an attribute and remove the original input.
4. TensorFlow in many cases composes ops out of multiple simpler ops. The converter will need to identify the subgraph for such ops, slice the subgraph out and replace it with the ONNX equivalent. This can become fairly complex so we use a graph matching library for it. A good example of this is the tensorflow transpose op.
5. TensorFlow's default data format is NHWC where ONNX requires NCHW. The converter will insert transpose ops to deal with this.
6. There are some ops like relu6 that are not supported in ONNX but the converter can be composed out of other ONNX ops.
7. ONNX backends are new and their implementations are not complete yet. For some ops the converter generate ops with deal with issues in existing backends.

Step 1 - start with a frozen graph

tf2onnx starts with a frozen graph. This is because of item 3 above.

Step 2 - 1:1 conversion of the protobuf from tensorflow to onnx

tf2onnx first does a simple conversion from the TensorFlow protobuf format to the ONNX protobuf format without looking at individual ops. We do this so we can use the ONNX graph as internal representation and write helper functions around it. The code that does the conversion is in tensorflow_to_onnx(). tensorflow_to_onnx() will return the ONNX graph and a dictionary with shape information from TensorFlow. The shape information is helpful in some cases when processing individual ops. The ONNX graph is wrapped in a Graph object and nodes in the graph are wrapped in a Node object to allow easier graph manipulations on the graph. All code that deals with nodes and graphs is in graph.py.

Step 3 - rewrite subgraphs

In the next step we apply graph matching code on the graph to re-write subgraphs for ops like transpose and lstm. For an example looks at rewrite_transpose().

Step 4 - process individual ops

In the fourth step we look at individual ops that need attention. The dictionary _OPS_MAPPING will map tensorflow op types to a method that is used to process the op. The simplest case is direct_op() where the op can be taken as is. Whenever possible we try to group ops into common processing, for example all ops that require dealing with broadcasting are mapped to broadcast_op(). For an op that composes the tensorflow op from multiple onnx ops, see relu6_op().

Step 5 - optimize the functional ONNX graph

We than try to optimize the functional ONNX graph. For example we remove ops that are not needed, remove transposes as much as possible, de-dupe constants, fuse ops whenever possible, ...

Step 6 - final processing

Once all ops are converted and optimize, we need to do a topological sort since ONNX requires it. process_tf_graph() is the method that takes care of all above steps.

Extending tf2onnx

If you like to contribute and add new conversions to tf2onnx, the process is something like:

1. See if the op fits into one of the existing mappings. If so adding it to _OPS_MAPPING is all that is needed.
2. If the new op needs extra processing, start a new mapping function.
3. If the tensorflow op is composed of multiple ops, consider using a graph re-write. While this might be a little harder initially, it works better for complex patterns.
4. Add a unit test in tests/test_backend.py. The unit tests mostly create the tensorflow graph, run it and capture the output, than convert to onnx, run against a onnx backend and compare tensorflow and onnx results.
5. If there are pre-trained models that use the new op, consider adding those to test/run_pretrained_models.py.

License

Apache License v2.0