mlx-tune

---

[!NOTE] Name Change: This project was originally called unsloth-mlx. Since it's not an official Unsloth project and to avoid any confusion, it has been renamed to mlx-tune. The vision remains the same — bringing the Unsloth experience to Mac users via MLX. If you were using unsloth-mlx, simply switch to pip install mlx-tune and update your imports from unsloth_mlx to mlx_tune.

[!NOTE] Why I Built This (A Personal Note)

I rely on Unsloth for my daily fine-tuning on cloud GPUs—it's the gold standard for me. But recently, I started working on a MacBook M4 and hit a friction point: I wanted to prototype locally on my Mac, then scale up to the cloud without rewriting my entire training script.

Since Unsloth relies on Triton (which Macs don't have, yet), I couldn't use it locally. I built mlx-tune to solve this specific "Context Switch" problem. It wraps Apple's native MLX framework in an Unsloth-compatible API.

The goal isn't to replace Unsloth or claim superior performance. The goal is code portability: allowing you to write FastLanguageModel code once on your Mac, test it, and then push that exact same script to a CUDA cluster. It solves a workflow problem, not just a hardware one.

This is an "unofficial" project built by a fan, for fans who happen to use Macs. It's helping me personally, and if it helps others like me, then I'll have my satisfaction.

Why MLX-Tune?

Bringing the Unsloth experience to Mac users via Apple's MLX framework.

• 🚀 Fine-tune LLMs, VLMs, TTS, STT & Embeddings locally on your Mac (M1/M2/M3/M4/M5)
• 💾 Leverage unified memory (up to 512GB on Mac Studio)
• 🔄 Unsloth-compatible API - your existing training scripts just work!
• 📦 Export anywhere - HuggingFace format, GGUF for Ollama/llama.cpp
• 🎙️ Audio fine-tuning - 5 TTS models (Orpheus, OuteTTS, Spark, Sesame, Qwen3-TTS) + 7 STT models (Whisper, Moonshine, Qwen3-ASR, NVIDIA Canary, Voxtral, Voxtral Realtime, NVIDIA Parakeet TDT)

# Unsloth (CUDA)                        # MLX-Tune (Apple Silicon)
from unsloth import FastLanguageModel   from mlx_tune import FastLanguageModel
from trl import SFTTrainer              from mlx_tune import SFTTrainer

# Rest of your code stays exactly the same!

What This Is (and Isn't)

This is NOT a replacement for Unsloth or an attempt to compete with it. Unsloth is incredible - it's the gold standard for efficient LLM fine-tuning on CUDA.

This IS a bridge for Mac users who want to:

• 🧪 Prototype locally - Experiment with fine-tuning before committing to cloud GPU costs
• 📚 Learn & iterate - Develop your training pipeline with fast local feedback loops
• 🔄 Then scale up - Move to cloud NVIDIA GPUs + original Unsloth for production training

Local Mac (MLX-Tune)       →     Cloud GPU (Unsloth)
   Prototype & experiment          Full-scale training
   Small datasets                  Large datasets
   Quick iterations                Production runs

Project Status

🧠 v0.6.0 — JEPA comes to Apple Silicon. Yann LeCun's Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture, the whole family:

• LeJEPA — pretrain a Vision Transformer from scratch with the heuristics-free SIGReg objective (no EMA teacher, no predictor, no stop-gradient).
• I-JEPA — load Meta's pretrained image encoder (facebook/ijepa_*) and fine-tune with frozen / LoRA / full classification.
• V-JEPA 2 — load Meta's pretrained video world model (facebook/vjepa2-*): video classification, clip features, the masked-latent predictor (predict_latents + latent_energy — anticipate the rest of a clip, score how surprising the actual future was), and Meta's fine-tuned SSv2 action classifiers (174 classes, zero training).
• LLM-JEPA — bring the JEPA objective to LLM fine-tuning (arXiv 2509.14252): augment next-token prediction with a JEPA term that aligns two "views" of the same item (e.g. a description and its code). First-on-MLX; the artifact is a normal LoRA model.

New entry points: FastJEPAModel, FastVideoJEPAModel, LLMJEPATrainer. See the JEPA docs.

Feature	Status	Notes
SFT Training	✅ Stable	Native MLX training
Model Loading	✅ Stable	Any HuggingFace model (quantized & non-quantized)
Save/Export	✅ Stable	HF format, GGUF (see limitations)
DPO Training	✅ Stable	Full DPO loss
ORPO Training	✅ Stable	Full ORPO loss
GRPO Training	✅ Stable	Multi-generation + reward
KTO Training	✅ Stable	Binary feedback + KTOConfig
SimPO Training	✅ Stable	No ref model + SimPOConfig
Chat Templates	✅ Stable	16 models (llama, gemma, qwen, phi, mistral)
Response-Only Training	✅ Stable	train_on_responses_only()
Multi-turn Merging	✅ Stable	to_sharegpt() + conversation_extension
Column Mapping	✅ Stable	apply_column_mapping() auto-rename
Dataset Config	✅ Stable	HFDatasetConfig structured loading
Vision Models	✅ Stable	Full VLM fine-tuning via mlx-vlm (Gemma 4, Qwen3.5, PaliGemma, LLaVA, Pixtral)
Gemma 4 Audio	✅ Stable	E2B/E4B STT/ASR via Conformer audio tower + optional audio LoRA
MoE Fine-Tuning	✅ Stable	Arcee Trinity-Nano (AFMoE), Gemma 4 26B-A4B, Qwen3.5-35B-A3B, Phi-3.5-MoE, Mixtral, DeepSeek, 39+ architectures
TTS Fine-Tuning	✅ Stable	Orpheus, OuteTTS, Spark-TTS, Sesame/CSM, Qwen3-TTS
STT Fine-Tuning	✅ Stable	Whisper, Moonshine, Qwen3-ASR, Canary, Voxtral, Voxtral Realtime (streaming), Parakeet TDT (CTC/RNN-T/TDT losses + auto vocab extension)
convert()	✅ Stable	HF → MLX conversion (LLM, TTS, STT)
Embedding Fine-Tuning	✅ Stable	BERT, ModernBERT, Qwen3-Embedding, Harrier (InfoNCE/contrastive)
OCR Fine-Tuning	✅ Stable	DeepSeek-OCR, GLM-OCR, olmOCR, Qwen-VL, Pixtral + CER/WER metrics
JEPA / LeJEPA	✅ Stable	From-scratch ViT SSL (LeJEPA: SIGReg, no EMA/predictor/stop-grad)
I-JEPA (pretrained)	✅ Stable	Meta facebook/ijepa_* → MLX (HF-parity verified); frozen / LoRA / full classification; linear / kNN / attentive probes; warm-start SSL
V-JEPA 2 (video)	✅ Stable	Meta facebook/vjepa2-* video world model → MLX (Conv3d + 3D RoPE, HF-parity verified); video classification + probes; predictor ported (predict_latents/latent_energy anticipation); pretrained SSv2 classifiers load directly
LLM-JEPA	✅ Stable	JEPA objective for LLM fine-tuning (arXiv 2509.14252): NTP + view-alignment (cosine/l2/mse/infonce), [PRED] slots; LLMJEPATrainer, artifact is a normal LoRA model
JEPA dense / regression	✅ Stable	for_image_regression (object counting) + for_dense_prediction (depth maps, segmentation) — I-JEPA's own headline tasks; frozen / LoRA / full
JEPA scale-up	✅ Stable	Non-224 pretrained I-JEPA (bicubic pos-embed interpolation) + ImageFolderDataset streaming + resumable checkpoints
LeWM (world model)	✅ Stable	LeWorldModel (arXiv 2603.19312): trainable latent world model from pixels (SIGReg, no stop-grad) + CEM/MPC planning; FastWorldModel, plan_cem
LFM2 Support	✅ Stable	Liquid AI LFM2/LFM2.5 (350M-24B, hybrid conv+GQA, Thinking)
Continual Pretraining	✅ Stable	CPTTrainer with decoupled LR, embed_tokens/lm_head, full-weight mode
push_to_hub()	✅ Stable	Upload to HuggingFace Hub
PyPI Package	✅ Available	uv pip install mlx-tune

Installation

# Using uv (recommended - faster and more reliable)
uv pip install mlx-tune

# With audio support (TTS/STT fine-tuning)
uv pip install 'mlx-tune[audio]'
brew install ffmpeg  # system dependency for audio codecs

# Or using pip
pip install mlx-tune

# From source (for development)
git clone https://github.com/ARahim3/mlx-tune.git
cd mlx-tune
uv pip install -e .

Quick Start

from mlx_tune import FastLanguageModel, SFTTrainer, SFTConfig
from datasets import load_dataset

# Load any HuggingFace model (1B model for quick start)
model, tokenizer = FastLanguageModel.from_pretrained(
    model_name="mlx-community/Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct-4bit",
    max_seq_length=2048,
    load_in_4bit=True,
)

# Add LoRA adapters
model = FastLanguageModel.get_peft_model(
    model,
    r=16,
    target_modules=["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj"],
    lora_alpha=16,
)

# Load a dataset (or create your own)
dataset = load_dataset("yahma/alpaca-cleaned", split="train[:100]")

# Train with SFTTrainer (same API as TRL!)
trainer = SFTTrainer(
    model=model,
    train_dataset=dataset,
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    args=SFTConfig(
        output_dir="outputs",
        per_device_train_batch_size=2,
        learning_rate=2e-4,
        max_steps=50,
    ),
)
trainer.train()

# Save (same API as Unsloth!)
model.save_pretrained("lora_model")  # Adapters only
model.save_pretrained_merged("merged", tokenizer)  # Full model (16-bit)
model.save_pretrained_gguf("model", tokenizer)  # GGUF (see note below)

[!NOTE] Merging into a 4-bit base: the default save_method="merged_16bit" dequantizes the base before fusing, so the fine-tune is preserved exactly. save_method="merged_4bit" keeps the base quantized and re-quantizes the fused weights — smaller on disk, but a weak LoRA delta (low LR / few steps) can be rounded away. Prefer the 16-bit default, or keep the adapter and use model.load_adapter(...) at inference time.

[!NOTE] GGUF Export: Works with non-quantized base models. If using a 4-bit model (like above), see Known Limitations for workarounds.

Chat Templates & Response-Only Training

from mlx_tune import get_chat_template, train_on_responses_only

# Apply chat template (supports llama-3, gemma, qwen, phi, mistral, etc.)
tokenizer = get_chat_template(tokenizer, chat_template="llama-3")

# Or auto-detect from model name
tokenizer = get_chat_template(tokenizer, chat_template="auto")

# Train only on responses (not prompts) - more efficient!
trainer = train_on_responses_only(
    trainer,
    instruction_part="<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>\n\n",
    response_part="<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>\n\n",
)

Vision Model Fine-Tuning (NEW!)

Fine-tune vision-language models like Gemma 4, Qwen3.5 on image+text tasks:

from mlx_tune import FastVisionModel, UnslothVisionDataCollator, VLMSFTTrainer
from mlx_tune.vlm import VLMSFTConfig

# Load a vision model
model, processor = FastVisionModel.from_pretrained(
    "mlx-community/Qwen3.5-0.8B-bf16",
)

# Add LoRA (same params as Unsloth!)
model = FastVisionModel.get_peft_model(
    model,
    finetune_vision_layers=True,
    finetune_language_layers=True,
    r=16, lora_alpha=16,
)

# Train on image-text data
FastVisionModel.for_training(model)
trainer = VLMSFTTrainer(
    model=model,
    tokenizer=processor,
    data_collator=UnslothVisionDataCollator(model, processor),
    train_dataset=dataset,
    args=VLMSFTConfig(max_steps=30, learning_rate=2e-4),
)
trainer.train()

See examples/38_gemma4_vision_finetuning.py for Gemma 4 vision fine-tuning, examples/39_gemma4_text_to_sql.py for text-only fine-tuning through the VLM path, examples/10_qwen35_vision_finetuning.py for Qwen3.5, or examples/26_vision_grpo_training.py for Vision GRPO reasoning.

Gemma 4 Audio Fine-Tuning

Fine-tune Gemma 4 E2B/E4B for speech-to-text and audio understanding. The 12-layer Conformer audio tower processes 16kHz audio — no separate STT model needed:

from mlx_tune import FastVisionModel, UnslothVisionDataCollator, VLMSFTTrainer
from mlx_tune.vlm import VLMSFTConfig

model, processor = FastVisionModel.from_pretrained("mlx-community/gemma-4-e4b-it-4bit")
model = FastVisionModel.get_peft_model(model,
    finetune_vision_layers=False, finetune_language_layers=True,
    finetune_audio_layers=False,  # Set True for domain-specific acoustic adaptation
    r=16, lora_alpha=16)

# Dataset format: {"type": "audio", "audio": "/path/to/file.wav"}
dataset = [{"messages": [
    {"role": "user", "content": [
        {"type": "audio", "audio": "audio.wav"},
        {"type": "text", "text": "Transcribe this audio."},
    ]},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Hello world."}]},
]}]

# Inference with audio
response = model.generate(audio="audio.wav", prompt="Transcribe this audio.")

See examples/47_gemma4_audio_asr_finetuning.py for ASR fine-tuning or examples/48_gemma4_audio_understanding.py for audio understanding with audio tower LoRA.

TTS Fine-Tuning

Fine-tune text-to-speech models on Apple Silicon. Supports Orpheus-3B, OuteTTS-1B, Spark-TTS (0.5B), Sesame/CSM-1B, and Qwen3-TTS:

from mlx_tune import FastTTSModel, TTSSFTTrainer, TTSSFTConfig, TTSDataCollator
from datasets import load_dataset, Audio

# Auto-detects model type, codec, and token format
model, tokenizer = FastTTSModel.from_pretrained("mlx-community/orpheus-3b-0.1-ft-bf16")
# Also works with:
#   "mlx-community/Llama-OuteTTS-1.0-1B-8bit"   (DAC codec, 24kHz)
#   "mlx-community/Spark-TTS-0.5B-bf16"          (BiCodec, 16kHz)
model = FastTTSModel.get_peft_model(model, r=16, lora_alpha=16)

dataset = load_dataset("MrDragonFox/Elise", split="train[:100]")
dataset = dataset.cast_column("audio", Audio(sampling_rate=24000))

trainer = TTSSFTTrainer(
    model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer,
    data_collator=TTSDataCollator(model, tokenizer),
    train_dataset=dataset,
    args=TTSSFTConfig(output_dir="./tts_output", max_steps=60),
)
trainer.train()

See examples: Orpheus, OuteTTS, Spark-TTS, Qwen3-TTS.

STT Fine-Tuning

Fine-tune speech-to-text models. Supports Whisper (all sizes), Distil-Whisper, and Moonshine:

from mlx_tune import FastSTTModel, STTSFTTrainer, STTSFTConfig, STTDataCollator

# Auto-detects model type and preprocessor
model, processor = FastSTTModel.from_pretrained("mlx-community/whisper-tiny-asr-fp16")
# Also works with:
#   "mlx-community/distil-whisper-large-v3"   (Whisper architecture)
#   "UsefulSensors/moonshine-tiny"             (raw conv frontend)
model = FastSTTModel.get_peft_model(model, r=8, finetune_encoder=True, finetune_decoder=True)

trainer = STTSFTTrainer(
    model=model, processor=processor,
    data_collator=STTDataCollator(model, processor, language="en", task="transcribe"),
    train_dataset=dataset,
    args=STTSFTConfig(output_dir="./stt_output", max_steps=60),
)
trainer.train()

See examples: Whisper, Moonshine, Qwen3-ASR, Canary, Voxtral, Voxtral Realtime (streaming), Parakeet TDT English, Parakeet Welsh (new language), Parakeet Bengali (auto vocab extension), Parakeet Arabic (BPE extension).

Embedding Fine-Tuning

Fine-tune sentence embedding models for semantic search using contrastive learning (InfoNCE loss). Supports BERT, ModernBERT, Qwen3-Embedding, Harrier, and more:

from mlx_tune import FastEmbeddingModel, EmbeddingSFTTrainer, EmbeddingSFTConfig, EmbeddingDataCollator

# Load embedding model (BERT or Qwen3-Embedding)
model, tokenizer = FastEmbeddingModel.from_pretrained(
    "mlx-community/all-MiniLM-L6-v2-bf16",  # or Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B-4bit-DWQ
    pooling_strategy="mean",                  # "mean", "cls", or "last_token"
)
model = FastEmbeddingModel.get_peft_model(model, r=16, lora_alpha=16)

# Train with anchor-positive pairs (in-batch negatives via InfoNCE)
trainer = EmbeddingSFTTrainer(
    model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer,
    data_collator=EmbeddingDataCollator(model, tokenizer),
    train_dataset=[{"anchor": "query text", "positive": "relevant passage"}, ...],
    args=EmbeddingSFTConfig(
        loss_type="infonce", temperature=0.05,
        per_device_train_batch_size=32, max_steps=50,
    ),
)
trainer.train()

# Encode & compare
embeddings = model.encode(["Hello world", "Hi there"])
similarity = (embeddings[0] * embeddings[1]).sum().item()

See examples: BERT, Qwen3-Embedding, Harrier-0.6B, Harrier-270M.

OCR Fine-Tuning

Fine-tune dedicated OCR models or general VLMs for document understanding, handwriting recognition, LaTeX OCR, multilingual receipts, and more. Built-in CER/WER evaluation metrics:

from mlx_tune import FastOCRModel, OCRSFTTrainer, OCRSFTConfig, compute_ocr_metrics

# Load a dedicated OCR model (or any VLM like Qwen3.5)
model, processor = FastOCRModel.from_pretrained(
    "mlx-community/DeepSeek-OCR-8bit",  # 0.9B dedicated OCR model
)
model = FastOCRModel.get_peft_model(model, r=16, lora_alpha=16)
# Vision layers frozen by default (OCR models have pre-optimized encoders)

# Train on OCR data
trainer = OCRSFTTrainer(
    model=model, processor=processor,
    train_dataset=ocr_dataset,
    args=OCRSFTConfig(max_steps=100, learning_rate=5e-5),
)
trainer.train()

# Transcribe & evaluate
text = model.transcribe(image)
metrics = model.evaluate(test_images, ground_truths)  # → {cer, wer, exact_match}

Supported OCR models: DeepSeek-OCR, DeepSeek-OCR-2, GLM-OCR, DOTS-OCR, olmOCR-2, LightOnOCR, Qwen2.5-VL, Qwen3.5, Pixtral, and any VLM supported by mlx-vlm.

See examples: Document OCR, VLM→OCR, Handwriting, OCR GRPO, Multilingual.

Continual Pretraining (CPT)

Adapt any model to new domains or languages by training on raw text. Supports LoRA CPT (with optional embedding training) and full-weight CPT:

from mlx_tune import FastLanguageModel, CPTTrainer, CPTConfig

# Load a BASE model (not instruction-tuned)
model, tokenizer = FastLanguageModel.from_pretrained(
    "mlx-community/SmolLM2-360M-Instruct", max_seq_length=2048,
)
model = FastLanguageModel.get_peft_model(model, r=16, target_modules=[
    "q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj", "gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj",
])

# CPT: raw text, loss on ALL tokens, decoupled embedding LR
trainer = CPTTrainer(
    model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer,
    train_dataset=[{"text": "Domain-specific document..."}, ...],
    args=CPTConfig(
        learning_rate=5e-5,
        embedding_learning_rate=5e-6,  # 10x smaller for embeddings
        include_embeddings=True,       # auto-adds embed_tokens + lm_head
        max_steps=1000,
    ),
)
trainer.train()

See examples: Language Adaptation, Domain Knowledge, Code Capabilities, LFM2 + CPT.

LFM2 (Liquid AI) Fine-Tuning

Fine-tune Liquid Foundation Models with their hybrid gated-conv + GQA architecture:

from mlx_tune import FastLanguageModel, SFTTrainer, SFTConfig

model, tokenizer = FastLanguageModel.from_pretrained(
    "mlx-community/LFM2-350M-4bit", max_seq_length=2048,
)
# LFM2-specific target modules (auto-resolved)
model = FastLanguageModel.get_peft_model(model, r=16, target_modules=[
    "q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "out_proj",  # Attention
    "in_proj", "w1", "w2", "w3",                # Gated conv MLP
])

Supported: LFM2 (350M-2.6B dense), LFM2.5 (350M-1.2B), LFM2.5-Thinking, LFM2 MoE (8B-A1B, 24B-A2B).

See examples: LFM2 SFT, LFM2.5-Thinking.

MoE Fine-Tuning

Fine-tune Mixture of Experts models — 39+ architectures supported automatically. MLX-Tune detects MoE layers and applies per-expert LoRA via LoRASwitchLinear:

from mlx_tune import FastLanguageModel, SFTTrainer, SFTConfig

# Load any MoE model — same API as dense models!
model, tokenizer = FastLanguageModel.from_pretrained(
    model_name="mlx-community/Qwen3.5-35B-A3B-4bit",  # 35B total, 3B active
    max_seq_length=2048,
    load_in_4bit=True,
)

# Same target_modules — MoE paths resolved automatically
model = FastLanguageModel.get_peft_model(
    model, r=8,
    target_modules=["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj",
                    "gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj"],
)
# Prints: "MoE architecture detected — LoRA will target expert layers (SwitchLinear)"

Supported MoE models: Arcee Trinity-Nano (AFMoE, 6B/1B active, 128 experts + 1 shared), Qwen3.5-35B-A3B, Qwen3-30B-A3B, Phi-3.5-MoE, Mixtral, DeepSeek-V2/V3, GLM-MoE, and all other MoE architectures in mlx-lm.

See examples: Qwen3.5 MoE, Phi-3.5 MoE, Trinity-Nano SFT, Trinity-Nano GRPO, Trinity-Nano CPT.

Post-Training Workflow

All model types (LLM, VLM, TTS, STT) support the full post-training workflow:

# Save LoRA adapters
model.save_pretrained("./adapters")

# Merge LoRA into base model
model.save_pretrained_merged("./merged")

# Convert HF model to MLX format
FastLanguageModel.convert("model-name", mlx_path="./mlx_model")

# Push to HuggingFace Hub
model.push_to_hub("username/my-model")

Supported Training Methods

Method	Trainer	Implementation	Use Case
SFT	SFTTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Instruction fine-tuning
DPO	DPOTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Preference learning (proper log-prob loss)
ORPO	ORPOTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Combined SFT + odds ratio preference
GRPO	GRPOTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Reasoning with multi-generation (DeepSeek R1 style)
KTO	KTOTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Kahneman-Tversky optimization
SimPO	SimPOTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Simple preference optimization
VLM SFT	VLMSFTTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Vision-Language model fine-tuning
Vision GRPO	VLMGRPOTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Vision-Language GRPO reasoning
TTS SFT	TTSSFTTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Orpheus, OuteTTS, Spark-TTS, Sesame/CSM
STT SFT	STTSFTTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Whisper, Moonshine, Qwen3-ASR, Canary, Voxtral, Voxtral Realtime, Parakeet TDT (CTC/RNN-T/TDT, auto vocab extension)
Embedding	EmbeddingSFTTrainer	✅ Native MLX	BERT, ModernBERT, Qwen3-Embedding, Harrier (InfoNCE)
OCR SFT	OCRSFTTrainer	✅ Native MLX	DeepSeek-OCR, GLM-OCR, Qwen-VL, Pixtral (CER/WER eval)
OCR GRPO	OCRGRPOTrainer	✅ Native MLX	OCR with character-level RL rewards
MoE	SFTTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Arcee Trinity-Nano (AFMoE), Qwen3.5-MoE, Phi-3.5-MoE, Mixtral, DeepSeek (39+ archs)
CPT	CPTTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Continual pretraining with decoupled LR, embed training
LFM2	SFTTrainer	✅ Native MLX	Liquid AI LFM2/LFM2.5 (hybrid conv+GQA, Thinking)

Examples

Check examples/ for working code:

• Basic model loading and inference (01–07)
• Complete SFT fine-tuning pipeline (08)
• RL training overview (09)
• Vision model fine-tuning — Qwen3.5 (10-11)
• RL E2E training — DPO (21), GRPO (22), ORPO (23), KTO (24), SimPO (25), Vision GRPO (26)
• TTS fine-tuning — Orpheus-3B (12), OuteTTS (14), Spark-TTS (15), Qwen3-TTS (20)
• STT fine-tuning — Whisper (13), Moonshine (16), Qwen3-ASR (17), Canary (18), Voxtral (19), Voxtral Realtime streaming (49), Parakeet TDT English (50), Parakeet Welsh new-language (51), Parakeet Bengali auto vocab extension (52), Parakeet Arabic BPE extension (53)
• Embedding fine-tuning — BERT/MiniLM (27), Qwen3-Embedding (28), Harrier-0.6B (31), Harrier-270M (32)
• OCR fine-tuning — Document OCR (33), VLM→OCR (34), Handwriting (35), OCR GRPO (36), Multilingual (37)
• MoE fine-tuning — Qwen3.5-35B-A3B (29), Phi-3.5-MoE (30), Arcee Trinity-Nano AFMoE: SFT (54), GRPO reasoning (55), CPT (56)
• LFM2 fine-tuning — LFM2 SFT (41), LFM2.5-Thinking (42)
• Continual Pretraining — Language (43), Domain (44), Code (45), LFM2+CPT (46)

Requirements

• Hardware: Apple Silicon Mac (M1/M2/M3/M4/M5)
• OS: macOS 13.0+
• Memory: 8GB+ unified RAM (16GB+ recommended)
• Python: 3.9+

Comparison with Unsloth

Feature	Unsloth (CUDA)	MLX-Tune
Platform	NVIDIA GPUs	Apple Silicon
Backend	Triton Kernels	MLX Framework
Memory	VRAM (limited)	Unified (up to 512GB)
API	Original	100% Compatible
Best For	Production training	Local dev, large models

Known Limitations

GGUF Export from Quantized Models

The Issue: GGUF export (save_pretrained_gguf) doesn't work directly with quantized (4-bit) base models. This is a known limitation in mlx-lm, not an mlx-tune bug.

What Works:

• ✅ Training with quantized models (QLoRA) - works perfectly
• ✅ Saving adapters (save_pretrained) - works
• ✅ Saving merged model (save_pretrained_merged) - works
• ✅ Inference with trained model - works
• ❌ GGUF export from quantized base model - mlx-lm limitation

Workarounds:

1. Use a non-quantized base model (recommended for GGUF export):

   # Use fp16 model instead of 4-bit
   model, tokenizer = FastLanguageModel.from_pretrained(
       model_name="mlx-community/Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct",  # NOT -4bit
       max_seq_length=2048,
       load_in_4bit=False,  # Train in fp16
   )
   # Train normally, then export
   model.save_pretrained_gguf("model", tokenizer)  # Works!
   

2. Dequantize during export (results in large fp16 file):

   model.save_pretrained_gguf("model", tokenizer, dequantize=True)
   # Then re-quantize with llama.cpp:
   # ./llama-quantize model.gguf model-q4_k_m.gguf Q4_K_M
   

3. Skip GGUF, use MLX format: If you only need the model for MLX/Python inference, just use save_pretrained_merged() - no GGUF needed.

Related Issues:

• mlx-lm #353 - MLX to GGUF conversion
• mlx-examples #1382 - Quantized to GGUF

DeepSeek-OCR requires transformers<5.0

The Issue: DeepSeek-OCR's model repo (mlx-community/DeepSeek-OCR-*) ships remote code that imports LlamaFlashAttention2 from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama. That symbol was removed in transformers 5.0. Recent mlx-tune installs pull mlx-lm>=0.31, which requires transformers>=5.0, so a fresh pip install mlx-tune cannot load DeepSeek-OCR out of the box.

Additional missing deps: DeepSeek-OCR's remote code also imports addict, einops, and matplotlib — none of these are declared by mlx-tune, mlx-vlm, or the model repo. You need to install them manually.

Working environment (verified):

uv pip install 'transformers>=4.45,<5.0' 'mlx-lm<0.31' 'mlx-vlm<0.4' addict einops matplotlib
uv pip install mlx-tune --no-deps     # skip dep upgrade

Symptom if you hit it:

• mlx-vlm raises Unrecognized processing class from AutoProcessor.from_pretrained (the real ImportError is swallowed by mlx-vlm's patch wrapper)
• Debug by calling DeepseekOCRProcessor.from_pretrained(model_path, trust_remote_code=True) directly to see the underlying error

DeepSeek-OCR-2 (mlx-community/DeepSeek-OCR-2-*) needs mlx-vlm>=0.4 which needs transformers>=5.0 → currently not loadable anywhere. Tracking this upstream.

Contributing

Contributions welcome! Areas that need help:

• Custom MLX kernels for even faster training
• More test coverage (especially E2E and edge cases)
• Testing on different M-series chips (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5)
• Batched audio training (currently batch_size=1)
• Batched RL training (currently single-sample)

License

Apache 2.0 - See LICENSE file.

Acknowledgments

• Unsloth - The original, incredible CUDA library
• MLX - Apple's ML framework
• MLX-LM - LLM utilities for MLX
• MLX-VLM - Vision model support
• MLX-Audio - Audio inference (TTS/STT) for MLX
• MLX-Embeddings - Embedding models for MLX

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